Body Fat and Eating Disorders Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Muscle versus fat and Eating Disorders Paper - Essay Example t infection, hypertension, stroke, elevated cholesterol, diabetes, back agony, respiratory issues, kidney issue, gallbladder issues, osteoarthritis, abundance weariness, rest apnea, metabolic conditions and urinary incontinence. There are different elements that could prompt heftiness or an amassing of muscle versus fat which happens because of an awkwardness in the calories devoured and consumed by the body. Other contributing components incorporate an absence of physical action, expanded utilization of fat, sugar, liquor consumption, gorging, constant utilization of corticosteroids, hormonal awkward nature and other related metabolic issues (Body piece and Health, 2002). Dietary issues, for example, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and voraciously consuming food effectsly affect the physical and emotional well-being of people and in outrageous cases can likewise prompt hazardous issues. This is essentially in light of the fact that such issue don't exist for a specific timeframe; rather they can possibly become long lasting issue in situations where they are not rewarded. In such cases they could influence the psychological, passionate and physical prosperity of people and furthermore put colossal strain on their associations with others. On account of anorexia nervosa, in which people starve themselves the body turns out to be seriously exhausted of indispensable supplements and thus there is a log jam of metabolic procedure so as to ration vitality. Subsequently various clinical issues emerge some of which warrant prompt clinical consideration. The wellbeing outcomes of anorexia nervosa remembers a strange decline for pulse and circulatory strain which builds the danger of cardiovascular breakdown, bone thickness decrease, misfortune and debilitating of muscles, extreme body parchedness expanding the danger of kidney disappointment, expanded exhaustion and general body shortcoming, dryness of skin and hair with male pattern baldness and development of lanugo all the body with an end goal to keep up internal heat level (Health Consequences of Eating Disorders, n.d; Eating

NATIONAL LIBERATION, INTERNAL STRIFE AND INTERNATIONAL MACHINERY Essay

NATIONAL LIBERATION, INTERNAL STRIFE AND INTERNATIONAL MACHINERY - Essay Example The oil business proceeded to make a modern low class, however the numbers remained very low in the capital-serious industry. At the point when oil laborers set expectations for their flushed owner, they didn't gain any review. The outside administration reused preferences that didn't react to the laborers desires. W. T. Wallace, who was the VP of Venezuela Gulf around then, felt that dealing with these laborers didn't make a difference much, and there was no requirement for tuning in to their requests. During the 1950s, the country’s oil creation multiplied. Somewhere in the range of 1948 and 1957, the oil business figured out how to win the administration $7 billion as far as incomes (Prashad 177). This sum was the most elevated contrasted with the past open incomes since the time the nation got colonized by Spain. This cash picked up from incomes and the gigantic capital from outside speculation overflowed the nation. It was utilized in the development blast at the Caracas city. Turnpikes circumnavigated the valley, encasing European-style high rises and tremendous shopping arcades which incorporated the world’s most gainful part of Roebuck and Sears (Prashad 178). Between 1952 to1958, Venezuela’s despot Marcos Perez utilized the incomes picked up from the oil business for remaking urban Venezuela. The rich made a heaven Caracas valley while a huge relocation started to choose the slopes. These were not oil laborers, which much of the time lived in organization lodging close to the oil field toward the west of the nation. The vagrants came in light of the incredible social change in Venezuela, caused in huge part by the quick financial development which came about because of the consistent development in oil benefits. The nation encountered a colossal increment in its gross national item that hit 95 percent, and this was an extraordinary lift for the development exchange and the administration business for the well off (Prashad 178). From 1950 to 1965, the nation encountered an

musings on duty and purpose

musings on duty and purpose Thanks to Petey and Kathleen for giving me the idea to blog about this and helping me think about how to formulate it! I’ve been very contemplative lately. In my first few weeks here I had tons of questions, but they were “easy” ones: how do I register for classes? If I use the last of the toilet paper in the hall bathroom, should I replace it and how? What’s the fastest way to get from Building 2 to E25? At the same time, too, there was so much else going on â€" I was constantly delighted by new realizations about this place I would call home, and I felt a drive to be social, to make friends, and to participate in class events that wouldn’t come around again. Now I know the answers to those questions,01 1) your academic advisor will show you; 2) yes â€" go to the closet and get another roll and it will pop right into the holder; 3) go out through building 14 and cross the dot and this place feels like a home and not a brief and wild summer camp, and so I’m starting to be able to hear myself â€" not other people, but myself â€" think again. And what I’m thinking, apparently, is a lot of much bigger questions. Questions like, “what does it really mean to exist in this world as an adult” and “what do I owe to the people around me and the world in general” and “what should I be taking away from my time here at MIT?” Spoiler alert: unlike the other questions, I’m not gonna be able to answer these ones in this post. But here’s what I’ve been thinking, I guess: In high school I had a few clubs I’d been part of for a long time, that I knew a lot about and that, by senior year, I was in charge of, and in high school and even earlier, I always knew I wanted to go to MIT. This gave me dual purposes: I wrote club meeting agendae, planned events, and did the work in order to make sure that everything went off smoothly and the other members of my club had fun and learned something. At the same time, I was working hard in school not just because I like knowing stuff (which is still true) but because I had a specific and imminent goal, university admissions, on my mind. At crunch times, like decision day for MIT or a competition for one of my clubs, this crystal clear purpose could be stressful but mostly it was hugely satisfying. Some of my strongest memories from high school, alongside staying up late talking with my best friends, are going to bed thinking back over my day and knowing, I did a good job today. I advanced my purpose.   Well. Now I’m here. I got in, and I fulfilled my responsibilities, and my purposes have faded away. And I’m left thinking, what now? I think of the self I am today as having come into existence during those first years of high school, and so I can’t really remember a time when these external goals weren’t there and I was just facing myself in an empty room. I still have interests and wants, but after all this time feeling like I had some greater purpose it feels so overwhelmingly selfish to do nothing but pursue what I love. I know, it sounds weird. I’m learning a ton about the practical side of adulthood, even just in these past few months,02 My cooking knowledge has SKYROCKETED. Ill post about that eventually :D and I know there’s a lot more left to learn, but I’ve also been thinking about the abstract side of things. As an adult, I will no longer rely on other people for my most basic needs, like housing or nutrition, but I will still be part of the social contract that all of us contribute to, and ultimately, each of us relies upon society to continue to survive. Is it my duty to give back in some way? I was big on duty in high school, like my duty to the younger kids who looked up to me and who Id agreed to help when I took on my positions. Do I have a duty to the wider world â€" and if I do, what is it? Do I fulfill my duty simply by learning, and having fun, and then going out and getting a job and living my life and dying? I can hear my mom in the back of my head saying  yes, of course! but part of me just isnt convinced. Here I am, and I go to MIT; I have the opportunity before me to learn an incredible number of things, and perhaps to grow into an incredible number of people but I can only pick one, or a few. How do I choose? The more I think about it, the more I feel the need to learn something that can help me give back, to work and to live with a goal, to plan for a job in which I can help other people. But this purpose is so new to me, and I dont yet know how to square it with the rest of what I like to do. And moreover, the realization is one that has left me more unsure overall: I thought I knew what made me tick, and now Im here, and walking slowly through the Infinite at 10 pm feeling unsettled and questioning why, and Im realizing that my self of a year ago could not have known this would happen. With each new experience I encounter, now, I feel unable to predict how I will respond, as if once my brain has surprised me the first time, I never know what it will do again. I used to feel that to myself, at least, I was a predictable person, but now I think that that was because I only ever did predictable things for the last couple years of high school, I stayed quite comfortably in my niche. Here, at MIT, I feel I have lost the ability to predict what I will realize I enjoy, what I will realize I want to do, what I will realize I want to do  for my whole life. I know myself, but I no longer really know myself. Like if I reached out in the dark of my mind, I dont know anymore what my hand would hit; I miss being able to walk through the house of myself in pure darkness and never miss a step. Its hard to feel this way and not know the answers, while at the same time feeling that my window to figure it out is slipping away. But I think theres nothing I can do except keep walking the Infinite, keep thinking about this and talking about it (with my awesome friends who hear me out through each micro-realization), and try to take classes and do things, in general, that I think will propel me in the right direction; I guess thats all we can ever really do. 1) your academic advisor will show you; 2) yes â€" go to the closet and get another roll and it will pop right into the holder; 3) go out through building 14 and cross the dot back to text ? My cooking knowledge has SKYROCKETED. I'll post about that eventually :D back to text ?

Essay about Treatment of Female Sexuality in Last Tango in...

Unrestrained female sexuality in popular media is regarded as something of a taboo. As a society, we are not used to the pleasure of women being portrayed on screen, despite our supposedly ‘equal’ society. Much of this is the inflection of sexism and the patriarchy, placed upon the minds of the masses, influencing the internalized discomfort of female sexuality. This, of course, does not apply towards male sexuality. Male sexuality is unrelenting and respected, even revered. These concepts of unrestrained sexuality, equal pleasure and lack of censoring have leached into one of the major sources of media in our society, which is the all encompassing film. Film acts as a medium for art, and for information. We are entertained, as well as†¦show more content†¦In Italian Cinema, through exploring the films viewed through the semester, some are more on point with the treatment of female sexuality. These often stand out, for various reasons, but most frequently due to lots of sex and sexual themes within the film. For discussion of the treatment of female sexuality in Italian film are is one film. This film is the iconic film, Last Tango in Paris, or Ultimo tango a Parigi. This film has a very interesting storyline, and exploration of character dynamics, as well as interesting history. But most importantly, this film explores female sexuality and sexual power structures in a unique way. The treatment of female sexuality in Italian film also gives us a historical dialectism because we are exposed to the treatment and regard of women at that particular point in history, both when the film took place as well as when the film was crea ted. To begin, the treatment of female sexuality in the masterpiece of a film, Last Tango in Paris. Last Tango in Paris, or Ultimo tango a Parigi, was directed by Bernardo Bertolucci in 1972. Starring Marlon Brando and Maria Schneider, it is a tragic film at it’s core, yet still an epic emotional experience. The fusion of Italian, French, and Western film is an impressive display, yet it still retains the beauty and underlying tragedy of classic Italian cinema. Bertolucci is certainly a master of Italian cinema, and Last Tango in Paris is a beautiful, erotic displayShow MoreRelatedErnest Hemingways Short Story Up in Michigan: A Review2058 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Introduction The short story Up in Michigan is one of Hemingways earliest works, believed to be one of the earliest works of Hemingway after he arrived in Paris in December of 1921 (Oliver 14). The story was first published in 1923 in Three Stories and Ten Poems. As with most first works some scholars would argue all first works the story is believed to be derivative. The characters seem to have been plucked from Hemingways childhood (Svoboda and Waldmeir 63). A boyhood friend of Hemingways

Harriet Beecher Stowe Biography Writer, Reformer

Harriet Beecher Stowe is remembered as the author of Uncle Toms Cabin, a book which helped build anti-slavery sentiment in America and abroad.  She was a writer, teacher, and reformer.  She lived from June 14, 1811 to July 1, 1896. Fast Facts: Harriet Beecher Stowe Also known as  Harriet Elizabeth Beecher Stowe, Harriet Stowe, Christopher CrowfieldBorn: June 14, 1811Died: July 1, 1896Known for: Teacher, reformer, and author of Uncle Toms Cabin, a book which helped build anti-slavery sentiment in America and abroad.Parents:  Lyman Beecher  (Congregationalist minister and president, Lane  Theological Seminary, Cincinnati, Ohio) and  Roxana Foote Beecher (granddaughter of General Andrew Ward)Spouse:  Calvin Ellis Stowe (married January 1836; biblical scholar)Children:  Eliza and Harriet (twin daughters, born September 1837),  Henry (drowned 1857),  Frederick (served as cotton plantation manager at Stowes plantation in Florida; lost at sea in 1871),  Georgiana,  Samuel Charles (died 1849, 18 months old, of cholera),  Charles About Uncle Tom's Cabin Harriet Beecher Stowes  Uncle Toms Cabin  expresses her moral outrage at the institution of slavery and its destructive effects on both whites and blacks. She portrays the evils of slavery as especially damaging to maternal bonds, as mothers dreaded the sale of their children, a theme that appealed to readers at the time when womens role in the domestic sphere was held up as her natural place. Written and published in installments between 1851 and 1852, publication in book form brought financial success to Stowe. Publishing nearly a book a year between 1862 and 1884, Harriet Beecher Stowe moved from her early focus on slavery in such works as  Uncle Toms Cabin  and another novel,  Dred, to deal with religious faith, domesticity, and family life. When Stowe met President Lincoln in 1862, he is said to have exclaimed, So you are the little woman who wrote the book that started this great war! Childhood and Youth Harriet Beecher Stowe was born in Connecticut in 1811, the seventh child of her father, the noted Congregationalist preacher, Lyman Beecher, and his first wife, Roxana Foote, who was the  granddaughter of General Andrew Ward, and who had been a mill girl before marriage. Harriet had two sisters, Catherine Beecher and Mary Beecher, and she had five brothers,  William Beecher, Edward Beecher, George Beecher, Henry Ward Beecher, and Charles Beecher. Harriets mother, Roxana, died when Harriet was four, and the oldest sister, Catherine, took over care of the other children. Even after Lyman Beecher remarried, and Harriet had a good relationship with her stepmother, Harriets relationship with Catherine remained strong. From her fathers second marriage, Harriet had two half brothers,  Thomas Beecher and James Beecher, and a half-sister,  Isabella Beecher Hooker.  Five of her seven brothers and half-brothers became ministers. After five years at Maam Kilbourns school, Harriet enrolled in Litchfield Academy, winning an award (and her fathers praise) when she was twelve for an essay titled, Can the immortality of the Soul be Proved by the Light of Nature? Harriets sister Catherine founded a school for girls in Hartford, the Hartford Female Seminary, and Harriet enrolled there. Soon, Catherine had her young sister Harriet teaching at the school. In 1832, Lyman Beecher was appointed the president of Lane Theological Seminary, and he moved his family—including both Harriet and Catherine—to Cincinnati. There, Harriet associated in literary circles with the likes of Salmon P. Chase (later governor, senator, member of Lincolns cabinet, and Supreme Court chief justice) and Calvin Ellis Stowe, a Lane professor of biblical theology, whose wife, Eliza, became a close friend of Harriet. Teaching and Writing Catherine Beecher started a school in Cincinnati, the Western Female Institute, and Harriet became a teacher there. Harriet began writing professionally.  First, she co-wrote a geography textbook with her sister, Catherine. She then sold several stories. Cincinnati was across the Ohio from Kentucky, a slave state, and Harriet also visited a plantation there and saw slavery for the first time. She also talked with escaped slaves. Her association with anti-slavery activists like Salmon Chase meant that she began questioning the peculiar institution. Marriage and Family After her friend Eliza died, Harriets friendship with Calvin Stowe deepened, and they were married in 1836. Calvin Stowe was, in addition to his work in biblical theology, an active proponent of public education. After their marriage, Harriet Beecher Stowe continued to write, selling short stories and articles to popular magazines. She gave birth to twin daughters in 1837, and to six more children in fifteen years, using her earnings to pay for household help. In 1850, Calvin Stowe obtained a professorship at Bowdoin College in Maine, and the family moved, Harriet, giving birth to her last child after the move. In 1852, Calvin Stowe found a position at Andover Theological Seminary, from which hed graduated in 1829, and the family moved to Massachusetts. Writing About Slavery 1850 was also the year of the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act, and in 1851, Harriets son 18-month-old died of cholera. Harriet had a vision during a communion service at the college, a vision of a dying slave, and she determined to bring that vision to life. Harriet began writing a story about slavery and used her own experience of visiting a plantation and of talking with ex-slaves. She also did much more research, even contacting Frederick Douglass to ask to be put in touch with ex-slaves who could ensure the accuracy of her story. On June 5, 1851, the National Era began publishing installments of her story, appearing in most weekly issues through April 1 of the next year. The positive response led to the publication of the stories in two volumes. Uncle Toms Cabin sold quickly, and some sources estimate as many as 325,000 copies sold in the first year. Though the book was popular not only in the United States but around the world, Harriet Beecher Stowe saw little personal profit from the book, due to the pricing structure of the publishing industry of her time, and due to the unauthorized copies that were produced outside the U.S. without the protection of copyright laws. By using the form of a novel to communicate the pain and suffering under slavery, Harriet Beecher Stowe tried to make the religious point that slavery was a sin. She succeeded. Her story was denounced in the South as a distortion, so she produced a new book, A Key to Uncle Toms Cabin, documenting the actual cases on which her books incidents were based. Reaction and support were not only in America. A petition signed by half a million English, Scottish, and Irish women, addressed to the women of the United States, led to a trip to Europe in 1853 for Harriet Beecher Stowe, Calvin Stowe, and Harriets brother Charles Beecher. She turned her experiences on this trip into a book, Sunny Memories of Foreign Lands. Harriet Beecher Stowe returned to Europe in 1856, meeting Queen Victoria and befriending the widow of the poet Lord Byron. Among others she met were Charles Dickens, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, and George Eliot. When Harriet Beecher Stowe returned to America, she wrote another antislavery novel, Dred. Her 1859 novel, The Ministers Wooing, was set in the New England of her youth and drew on her sadness in losing a second son, Henry, who drowned in an accident while a student at Dartmouth College. Harriets later writing focused mainly on New England settings. After the Civil War When Calvin Stowe retired from teaching in 1863, the family moved to Hartford, Connecticut. Stowe continued her writing, selling stories and articles, poems and advice columns, and essays on issues of the day. The Stowes began spending their winters in Florida after the end of the Civil War. Harriet established a cotton plantation in Florida, with her son Frederick as the manager, to employ newly-freed slaves. This effort and her book Palmetto Leaves endeared Harriet Beecher Stowe to Floridians. Though none of her later works were nearly as popular (or influential) as Uncle Toms Cabin, Harriet Beecher Stowe was the center of public attention again when, in 1869, an article in The Atlantic created a scandal. Upset at a publication that she thought insulted her friend, Lady Byron, she repeated in that article, and then more fully in a book, a charge that Lord Byron had had an incestuous relationship with his half-sister, and that a child had been born of their relationship. Frederick Stowe was lost at sea in 1871, and Harriet Beecher Stowe mourned another son lost to death. Though twin daughters Eliza and Harriet were still unmarried and helping at home, the Stowes moved to smaller quarters. Stowe wintered at a home in Florida. In 1873, she published Palmetto Leaves, about Florida, and this book led to a boom on Florida land sales. Beecher-Tilton Scandal Another scandal touched the family in the 1870s, when Henry Ward Beecher, the brother with whom Harriet had been closest, was charged with adultery with Elizabeth Tilton, the wife of one of his parishioner, Theodore Tilton, a publisher. Victoria Woodhull and Susan B. Anthony was drawn into the scandal, with Woodhull publishing the charges in her weekly newspaper. In the well-publicized adultery trial, the jury was unable to reach a verdict. Harriets half-sister Isabella, a supporter of Woodhull, believed the charges of adultery and was ostracized by the family; Harriet defended her brothers innocence. Last Years Harriet Beecher Stowes 70th birthday in 1881 was a matter of national celebration, but she did not appear in public much in her later years. Harriet helped her son, Charles, write her biography, published in 1889. Calvin Stowe died in 1886, and Harriet Beecher Stowe, bedridden for some years, died in 1896. Selected Writings The Mayflower; or, Sketches of Scenes and Characters among the Descendants of the Pilgrims,  Harper, 1843.Uncle Toms Cabin; or, Life among the Lowly,  two volumes, 1852.A Key to Uncle Toms Cabin: Presenting the Original Facts and Documents upon which the Story is Founded,  1853.Uncle Sams Emancipation: Earthly Care, a Heavenly Discipline, and Other Sketches,  1853.Sunny Memories of Foreign Lands,  two volumes, 1854.The Mayflower and Miscellaneous Writings,  1855 (expanded edition of 1843 publication).The Christian Slave: A Drama Founded on a Portion of Uncle Toms Cabin,  1855.Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp,  two volumes, 1856, published as  Nina Gordon: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp,  two volumes, 1866.A Reply to The Affectionate and Christian Address of Many Thousands of Women of Great Britain and Ireland to Their Sisters, the Women of the United States of America,  1863.Religious Poems,  1867.Men of Our Times; or, Leading Patriots of the Day,  1 868, also published as  The Lives and Deeds of Our Self-made Men,  1872.Lady Byron Vindicated: A History of the Byron Controversy, from Its Beginning in 1816 to the Present Time,  1870.(With Edward Everett Hale, Lucretia Peabody Hale, and others)  Six of One by Half a Dozen of the Other: An Every Day Novel,  1872.Palmetto Leaves, 1873.Woman in Sacred History,  1873, published as  Bible Heroines,1878.The Writings of  Harriet  Beecher  Stowe,  sixteen volumes, Houghton, Mifflin, 1896. Recommended Reading Adams, John R.,  Harriet  Beecher  Stowe,  1963.Ammons, Elizabeth, editor,  Critical Essays on  Harriet  Beecher  Stowe,  1980.Crozier, Alice C.,  The Novels of  Harriet  Beecher  Stowe,  1969.Foster, Charles,  The Rungless Ladder:  Harriet  Beecher  Stowe  and New England Puritanism,  1954.Gerson, Noel B.,  Harriet  Beecher  Stowe,  1976.Kimball, Gayle,  The Religious Ideas of  Harriet  Beecher  Stowe: Her Gospel of Womanhood,  1982.Koester, Nancy,  Harriet Beeche Stowe: A Spiritual Life, 2014.Wagenknecht, Edward Charles,  Harriet  Beecher  Stowe: The Known and the Unknown,  Oxford University Press, 1965.

Stems Cells And Regenerative Dentistry Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

With root cell therapy scientists hope to bring around diseases and replace damaged tissues and variety meats in the human organic structure. Stem cell research for the possible application of cell based therapy in dental medicine has incited a considerable sum of exhilaration. At present dentitions can merely be replaced with conventional prosthetic device such as removable or fixed dental prosthetic device and implants. We will write a custom essay sample on Stems Cells And Regenerative Dentistry Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some initial success utilizing dental root cells in vitro every bit good as in vivo animate being theoretical accounts promises a sensible hereafter for the curative usage of root cells in regenerative dental medicine [ 1 ] . In my findings I have explored two types of human root cells in relation to regenerative dental medicine. They are human dental root cells and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells ( iPSCs ) . The intent of my research was to find what root cells are and its place in regenerative dental medicine. Keywords: Regenerative dental medicine, tissue technology, root cells, dental root cells, induced pluripotent root cells. Stem cells There are soon three types of human root cells used in biomedical research, Human Embryonic Stem Cells ( hESCs ) , Adult ( Somatic ) Stem Cells and Induced Pluripotent Stem cells ( iPSCs ) . Stem cells are unspecialized cells found in the organic structure that give rise to specialized cells of a specific tissue type. They can split and self-renew for indefinite periods throughout the life-time of an being. They are capable of asymmetrical division into farther root cells and symmetrical division into committed primogenitor cells. They are classified harmonizing to their possible to distinguish which is totipotent, pluripotent and multipotent. In the early phases of human development, the fertilised egg known as the Zygote is considered to be totipotent ( Latin: totus significance full and potens intending power ) . It has the possible to give rise to an full being including the extra-embryonic tissue of the placenta and umbilical cord. During the blastodermic vessicle phase of embry ogenesis, the cells found in the inner cell mass are known as Embryonic Stem Cells ( ESC ‘s ) . ESC ‘s are capable of giving rise to all three sources beds in the human organic structure and are later responsible for coevals of all tissues and variety meats, excepting extra-embryonic tissues. ESC ‘s are considered pluripotent ( Latin: plurimus intending really many, potens intending power ) . Adult ( Somatic ) Stem Cells ( ASCs ) are theoretically present in every type of tissue, found in a root cell niche [ 1, 9 ] . In grownups, root cells serve as an internal fix system to refill and replace damaged cells in tissues and variety meats. Bodily Stem cells are somewhat more specialized than ESCs as they can largely distinguish into the cell types of the tissue in which they reside. ASCs are hence considered multipotent. Due to rapid new finds in Stem Cell Science, scientists have introduced a 3rd type of human root cells known as Induced Pluripotent Stem cells ( iPSC s ) . IPSCs are bodily cells that are genetically manipulated to presume an embryologic root cell like province. They express the pluripotency potency of embryologic root cells. This successfully circumvents ethical issues environing the usage of ESC ‘s, therefore progressing the pertinence of root cells in regenerative medical specialty [ 4, 5 ] . Figure 1 Diagram picturing ESCs, which through immunosurgery is derived from a 3-5 twenty-four hours preimplantation embryo known as a blastodermic vessicle Tissue technology and Dentistry Tissue technology is the interdisciplinary field of medical pattern that applies the rules of biomedical scientific discipline to reparative medical specialty. In regenerative dental medicine, two types of tissue technology have been described. The first is conventional tissue technology for regeneration of dental tissue utilizing mesenchymal cells in vitro. The 2nd is whole tooth regeneration utilizing mesenchymal cells and dental epithelial tissue in vivo [ 1 ] . The footing of whole dentition or single dental tissue regeneration is dependent on the acquisition of suited root cells and suited environmental conditions. Figure 2 Diagram picturing the construct of utilizing a tissue technology attack to make new mush tissue and let for completion of the perpendicular and sidelong root formation in a immature tooth that had mush mortification induced by injury [ 2 ] . Stem cells in clinical dental medicine In order to understand the pertinence of root cells in regenerative dental medicine, a clear apprehension of the procedures of embryogenesis and odontogenesis ( tooth development ) is indispensable. The cells involved in odontogenesis are of ectomesenchymal beginning. During embryogenesis, the nervous crest cells arising from the exoderm of the nervous tubing and mesenchymal cells arising from paraxial mesoblast interact to organize the enamel organ and dental papilla. The enamel organ is the lone organ of epithelial beginning involved in odontogenesis. All other constructions of a tooth are of mesenchymal beginning. During odontogenesis distinction occurs through cell communicating. This is done via signalling molecules and growing factors. A tooth has two anatomical parts ; the Crown covered with enamel exposed in the oral cavity and the root which is embedded in the jaw. Around the tooth the periodontic ligament attaches the cementum to the difficult sheet of the alveolar bone [ 1 , 2 ] . hypertext transfer protocol: //www.jopdentonline.org/na101/home/literatum/publisher/pinnacle/journals/content/odnt/2006/15592863-31.6/06-000/production/images/large/i1559-2863-31-6-633-f05.jpeg Figure 3 [ 2 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.jopdentonline.org/na101/home/literatum/publisher/pinnacle/journals/content/odnt/2006/15592863-31.6/06-000/production/images/medium/i1559-2863-31-6-633-f01.jpg Diagram picturing the molecular signaling XT between 2 cells Dental Stem cells The tissues of a tooth are enamel, dentin, cementum and mush. With the exclusion of the ameloblasts progenitor cells which give rise to enamel, all root cells involved in odontogenesis are of mesenchymal beginning. Dental root cells are bodily root cells. Information on human embryologic alveolar consonant root cells is non yet available [ 1 ] . Dental mush root cells ( DPSCs ) can be derived from dental mush. Dental mush can be obtained from 3rd grinders or pulpectomised dentitions. In odontogenesis dental follicle plays a major function in the development of cementum, periodontic ligament and alveolar bone. Dental follicle root cells ( DFSCs ) can be obtained from wedged 3rd grinders. Periodontic Ligament root cells ( PDLSCs ) can be derived from the roots of extracted dentitions. PDL which suspends the tooth in its air sac contains stem cells that can give rise to cementum and ligament. Stem cells from the apical portion of the papilla ( SCAPs ) are precursors of the dental mush. SCAPs are gettable from wedged 3rd grinders. Stem cells from human deciduous dentitions ( SHEDs ) can easy be obtained from the coronal mush of exfoliated deciduous dentitions. The easy handiness of mesenchymal dent al root cells makes them a suited campaigner for cell based therapies in dental medicine. Their high proliferative capacity and potency to distinguish into cementoblasts, odontoblasts, PDL primogenitors, bone-forming cells and assorted other cells implicated in odontogenesis, promises a prospective hereafter for dental root cells in clinical dental medicine. Soon the application of root cells in clinical dental medicine is hindered by many ‘roadblocks ‘ such as ill-timed eruption of dentitions, morphology of the generated tooth and most significantly the current impossibleness of renewing human dental enamel [ 1 ] . Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells ( iPSCs ) and orodental diseases Apart from ethical quandary that have long surrounded the derivation of human ESC ‘s from developing embryos, its immunoincompatability for usage in developing disease-specific iPSC lines in vitro from patients has besides impeded its application in regenerative medical specialty. Through coincident overexpression of certain cistrons, iPSC lines can be produced in vitro utilizing assorted human cells. After derivation, iPSCs undergo word picture techniques and teratoma checks. Successful iPSC lines can be equated to hESC ‘s in proliferative and developmental possible [ 4, 5, 10, 11 ] . The recent promotions in IPS engineering have brought its application to the head of biomedical research. Previously iPSC ‘s were genetically manipulated through the usage of viruses and episomal vectors for genomic integrating. This methodological analysis proved inefficient. Since so new methods have been introduced to deduce iPSC ‘s free of vector and transgene DNA. With the usage of man-made messenger RNA to bring on pluripotency and distinction, scientists are able to accomplish cellular reprogramming by pull stringsing the whole genome system instead than a little set of maestro cistrons. When biochemically coaxed, iPSC lines are able to distinguish into cell types of assorted diseases. The ability to animate disease specific root cells from givers, whose genome is present, makes disease patterning more dependable. This allows for a better apprehension of the pathogeneses of diseases and its variableness amongst patients. The ability to carry on drug proving on huma n disease-models will besides progress the efficaciousness of toxicity trials and farther drug development. Some disease-specific iPSC lines have already provided a deeper apprehension of disease complexness and mechanisms. The possibility of utilizing iPSCs to handle orodental diseases could be a powerful curative tool in clinical dental medicine [ 4, 5 ] . Decision The usage of root cells in regenerative dental medicine is still in its pre-clinical stage as at that place many hurdlings yet to get the better of. The current impossibleness of renewing ameloblasts primogenitor cells to bring forth enamel is amongst the many obstructions impeding whole tooth regeneration. However, the possibility of animating autologous dental primogenitor cells and tissues in vitro holds a promising hereafter for alveolar consonant cell based therapies. The usage of IPS engineering in dental medicine is a new construct, although its application in making disease specific lines and perchance reprogramming familial orodental diseases will surely profit the hereafter of clinical dental medicine. The successful usage of root cell scientific discipline in regenerative dental medicine will surely guarantee that the twenty-first century tooth doctor plays a critical function in the field of regenerative medical specialty [ 4 ] . Methods of research The literature used to carry on this research was obtained from Medical Journal Publishing websites. This included PubMed and the National Institutes of Health. Additional beginnings included correspondence from the Director of the International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology ( ICGEB ) , every bit good as a Postgraduate pupil in Developmental Biology. For instruction and a deeper apprehension of Cell biological science, DNA, chromosomes and viruses to understand root cell scientific discipline the Khan Academy was used. How to cite Stems Cells And Regenerative Dentistry Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Jane Goodall Essays (652 words) - Jane Goodall, Chimpanzee

Jane Goodall Jane Goodall Jane Goodall was born in London, England in 1934. This British ethnologist who is still alive today has laid claim to many great accomplishments, traveled far distances and experienced many things no woman ever has. As a young girl Jane spent her days in England studying local birds and other creatures, reading books on zoology and dreaming of one day travelling to Africa. Jane's childish fancies were turned into reality when a close friend invited her to Kenya in 1957. Only a few months after her arrival 23 year old Jane met Dr. Louis Leakey. Even though Jane had no academic credentials, Leakey chose her to conduct a long-term study of the chimpanzees in Tasmania's Gombe National Park. Even though Dr. Leakey's decision was frowned upon by many, he believed that Goodall's patience, independence and persistence to understand animals made her a good candidate for the job. He also believed that Jane's mind; uncluttered by academia would yield a fresh perspective. Even though her research contract was intended for the period of 10 years, critics believe she would last no longer than three weeks. By 1962 Jane Goodall had proved them wrong when her research was advancing greatly. It was around this time that National Geographic sent photographer and filmmaker Hugo van Lawick to document her work. The two were married in Tasmania on March 28, 1964. By 1965 Jane earned her Ph. D in ethnology, the eight person in the history of Cambridge University to earn a doctorate without first taking a B.A. Not long after Jane returned to the Gombe Stream Chimpanzee Reserve on Lake Tanganyika, Tasmania. For nearly 10 years Jane studied chimpanzees. Her profound scientific discoveries laid the foundation for all future primate studies. Jane's discovery that chimpanzees made and used tools amazed the world. This one ability was once believed to separate humans from animals. A gap which was closed over the years of Jane's research as more and more similarities between humans and chimpanzees were discovered, Chimpanzees and humans differ by only just over one per cent. I watched, amazed, as she (Lucy, a chimpanzee) opened the refrigerator and various cupboards, found bottles and a glass, then poured herself a gin and tonic . Jane recorded this experience and many other discoveries in her three books; In the Shadow of Man (1971) a book documenting the life of chimpanzees, Innocent Killers (1971) about spotted hyenas, whose predatory behavior had been wrongly researched. And also, Through a Window (1990) a book about her life and experiences living with the chimps. In 1977 Goodall founded The Jane Goodall Institute for Wildlife Research, Education and Conservation. She has also established chimpanzee sanctuaries for the care and rehabilitation of orphaned chimpanzees in four African countries. In 1995 she received the National Geographic Society's prestigious Hubbard Medal. The National Geographic supported Jane's research between 1961 and 1978; she was the recipient of 26 grants. Through her best-selling books, articles, lectures, and National Geographic programs, Jane Goodall has become world famous. Today she still lives in Tasmania, where the research at Gombe is entering its 40th year. She devotes all her time and energy into teaching young people about conservation. Jane has made many accomplishments, and experienced things only some people could ever dream of. She is a great role model and has changed the way people view chimpanzees. Africa, the birth of humankind, provides a disturbing clue to our future. As I fly across areas that were forest just years ago and see them becoming dessert, I worry. Too many people crowd this continent, so poor they strip the land for food and fuel-wood. The subject of my life's work and our closest living relative, the chimpanzees and gorillas are slaughtered for food or captured for the live-animal trade. Pollution of air, land and water abounds. Are we destroying our beautiful planet? Jane Goodall Sociology Issues

Motives for European Expansion 15th and 16th century essays

Motives for European Expansion 15th and 16th century essays Europeans had many reasons to risk their live in a really long voyage across the Atlantic Ocean. Many new technological advancements such as the cannons, new ships, magnetic compass and the astrolabe- helped make the trip something possible. Eventually Captains didnt have the money to afford this. So they had to appeal to kings to sponsor their trip. To get the Monarchs sponsorship of the trip Captains had to somehow appeal to him the idea is worth while. So they had to come up with motives. The ottomans had taken part of practically all the border of East Europe with Asia impeding trade. This meant they had to find an alternative trade route. What they tried then is to go west and find India. There major profits from trading with India were spices... This is what they wanted to from India and also found in America. Spices added flavour and variety to their foods and served as preparation for medicines. Portugal took the lead in the Spice Trade with Prince Henry as a massive sponsor of voyages. Europeans wanted to spread religion. This wasnt the most important reason for the majority. Although for some Kings such as Queen Isabella it was a really important reason. The desire to Christianize Muslims after their attempt to unite Europe under one religion with the 30 years war... The most important reason for European Expansion was clearly wealth. This has been the reason under every movement, war or law made in history. It brought you money and power Spain had under his control more land than any other country except possibly Portugal. Money, material wealth and Trade were the key. Then came the rivalry between the Countries if Portugal came from an expedition with 2 new countries discovered, lots of gold... Then Spain would go in search of 2 bigger countries with more wealth. The Dutch also took part in some expeditions; and created the Dutch East Indian Company which controlled big part of Europeans eco ...

Save a Web Page as HTML or MHT Using Delphi

Save a Web Page as HTML or MHT Using Delphi When working with Delphi, the TWebBrowser component allows you to create a customized Web browsing application or to add Internet, file and network browsing, document viewing, and data downloading capabilities to your applications. How to Save a Web Page from TWebBrowser When using Internet Explorer, you are allowed you to view the source HTML code of a page and to save that page as a file on your local drive. If you are viewing a page that you wish to keep, go to the File/Save As ... menu item. In the dialog box that opens, you have several file types offered. Saving the page as a different filetype will affect how the page is saved. The TWebBrowser component (located on the Internet page of the Component Palette) provides access to the Web browser functionality from your Delphi applications. In general, youll want to enable saving of a web page displayed inside a WebBrowser as an HTML file to a disk. Saving a Web Page As a Raw HTML If you only want to save a web page as a raw HTML you would select Web Page, HTML only (*.htm, *.html). It will simply save the current pages source HTML to your drive intact. This action will NOT save the graphics from the page or any other files used within the page, which means that if you loaded the file back from the local disk, you would see broken image links. Heres how to save a web page as raw HTML using Delphi code: uses ActiveX; ... procedure WB_SaveAs_HTML(WB : TWebBrowser; const FileName : string) ; var   Ã‚  PersistStream: IPersistStreamInit;   Ã‚  Stream: IStream;   Ã‚  FileStream: TFileStream; begin   Ã‚  if not Assigned(WB.Document) then   Ã‚  begin   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ShowMessage(Document not loaded!) ;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Exit;   Ã‚  end;   Ã‚  PersistStream : WB.Document as IPersistStreamInit;   Ã‚  FileStream : TFileStream.Create(FileName, fmCreate) ;   Ã‚  try   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stream : TStreamAdapter.Create(FileStream, soReference) as IStream;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  if Failed(PersistStream.Save(Stream, True)) then ShowMessage(SaveAs HTML fail!) ;   Ã‚  finally   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  FileStream.Free;   Ã‚  end; end; (* WB_SaveAs_HTML *) Usage sample: //first navigate WebBrowser1.Navigate(http://delphi.about.com) ; //then save WB_SaveAs_HTML(WebBrowser1,c:\WebBrowser1.html) ; Notes The IPersistStreamInit and IStream interfaces are declared inside the ActiveX unit.The web page is saved as a raw HTML to the WebBrowser1.html file on the root folder of the C drive. MHT: Web Archive, Single File When you save a Web page as Web archive, single file (*.mht) the web document gets saved in the Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension HTML (MHTML) format with a .mht file extension. All relative links in the Web page are remapped and the embedded content is included in the .mht file, rather than being saved in a separate folder (as the case is with Web Page, complete (*.htm, *.html)). MHTML enables you to send and receive Web pages and other HTML documents using e-mail programs such as Microsoft Outlook, and Microsoft Outlook Express; or even your custom Delphi email sending solutions. MHTML enables you to embed images directly into the body of your e-mail messages rather than attaching them to the message. Heres how to save a webpage as a single file (MHT format) using Delphi code: uses CDO_TLB, ADODB_TLB; ... procedure WB_SaveAs_MHT(WB: TWebBrowser; FileName: TFileName) ; var   Ã‚  Msg: IMessage;   Ã‚  Conf: IConfiguration;   Ã‚  Stream: _Stream;   Ã‚  URL : widestring; begin   Ã‚  if not Assigned(WB.Document) then Exit;   Ã‚  URL : WB.LocationURL;   Ã‚  Msg : CoMessage.Create;   Ã‚  Conf : CoConfiguration.Create;   Ã‚  try   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Msg.Configuration : Conf;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Msg.CreateMHTMLBody(URL, cdoSuppressAll, , ) ;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stream : Msg.GetStream;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stream.SaveToFile(FileName, adSaveCreateOverWrite) ;   Ã‚  finally   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Msg : nil;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Conf : nil;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stream : nil;   Ã‚  end; end; (* WB_SaveAs_MHT *) Sample usage: //first navigate WebBrowser1.Navigate(http://delphi.about.com) ; //then save WB_SaveAs_MHT(WebBrowser1,c:\WebBrowser1.mht) ; Note The _Stream class is defined in ADODB_TLB unit that you probably already have created. The IMessage and IConfiguration interfaces code from cdosys.dll library. CDO stands for Collaboration Data Objects - object libraries designed to enable SMTP Messaging. The CDO_TLB is an auto-generated unit by Delphi. To create it, from the main menu select Import Type Library, select C:\WINDOWS\system32\cdosys.dll then click the Create unit button. No TWebBrowser You could rewrite the WB_SaveAs_MHT procedure to accept an URL string (not TWebBrowser) to be able to save a web page directly no need to use the WebBrowser component. The URL from WebBrowser is retrieved using the WB.LocationURL property.

Quality Indicators Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Quality Indicators Paper - Essay Example It provides it services to patients from its three locations at Rochester, Minnesota; Jacksonville, Florida; and Scottsdale/Phoenix, Arizona (About Mayo Clinic). In 2008, Mayo Clinic was again adjudged as the best hospital in United States of America by U.S. News & World Report for the nineteenth consecutive. This continuing honor for Mayo Clinic is a reflection of the commitment to quality in health care that Mayo Clinic demonstrates which becomes evident from these words of Glenn Forbes, CEO of Mayo Clinic, Rochester â€Å"Were committed to setting the standard for high-value care †¦.. Nothing is more important to Mayo Clinic than quality and providing the best care to every patient, every day" (Honor Roll for 2008). The primary value at Mayo Clinic is putting the needs of the patient first. Core principles guide the various activities at Mayo Clinic. Medicine is practiced as an integrated multi-disciplinary team with compassion. Mayo Clinic believes in continually educating its physicians, scientists, and allied health professionals and also being a source of information to its patients and community that it serves. Basic and clinical research at Mayo Clinic is founded on the principle of the research enhancing patient care and being of benefit to society. Mayo Clinic believes in mutual respect and practices it by treating all the members of its diverse community with respect and dignity. Mayo Clinic is committed to quality and strives to improve the quality of health care that it provides by continually improving all the processes involved in the delivery of patient care, education and research. Mayo Clinic believes in an appropriate work atmosphere that is brought about by fostering teamwork, personal responsibility, integrity, innovation, trust, and communication through all the processes of a physician-led institution. Its commitment to society is made up of benefiting humanity by patient care, education and

Identity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Identity - Essay Example In this variegated world the human beings simply could not avoid the unavoidable and intimate process of socialization that gives way to what is called the individual and collective identity. Thereby, the individual identity is not merely the product of one’s specific self concept, but is rather a concept that is shaped and formed by an array of forces that tend to be economic, legal, social and many a times historical in their ramifications, which scratch and etch the human consciousness and continue to shape, control and define the entity that is called identity. Identity is a notion that happens to be multi-faceted, open and perpetually evolving in its content and scope. As far as I could peek into my childhood days, I could distinctly notice the fact that during the nascent stages of the human life, the development of the individual identity is governed a lot by what an individual thinks about oneself. When I was an infant, my parents where the only outside force that to a large extent shaped my identity (Gielen & Roopnarine 213). The very helplessness and dependence of my child hood state saved me from an early exposure to the multifarious social forces that I had to deal with at a more mature stage. My home and family was the cocoon that not only allowed me to shape my identity in a relatively benign and loving environment, but also protected me from more potent and political outside influences. I was totally oblivious of the fact that in the times to come, forces like ethnicity and color will pervade my inner world and shape my identity in varied ways and forms. Hence, the only god that governed the shaping of my identity was I and my parents. Thereby, I am happy to say that I had quite a happy childhood and this allowed me to develop a positive self concept of myself that shaped an identity that was open, gregarious, happy and confident. The positive reinforcements from my family further ossified this sense of invulnerability and mirth. However, this identity related complacence was not to last forever. As I grew up and my sense of self evolved, I realized that my parents and my family were not only a source love and affection, but also happened to be social individuals who belonged to a specific class, race, ethnicity and culture. It is not that my parents predominantly tried to introduce me to these sometimes hard to acknowledge, but valid facts, but I gradually picked up these facts about my family and hence about myself through eavesdropping into their unsuspecting daily interactions. These socio-economic attributes assigned to my family gradually began to become a part of my identity. Hence, I got a very basic idea of the society and my place in it through this primary socialization with my family (Gielen & Roopnarine 63). Thereby, I could certainly say that my family circumstances largely selected my mother tongue, religion, social class and nationality. It will be true to say that I had a very basic idea about my ide ntity as I entered the mature world. Yet, I was curious to not only test the validity of these identity attributes I inherited, but to practically see as to where I stood in the outside world. In that context I could distinctly identify my young adulthood period

Development Of Cruise Industry And Time Sharing

Development Of Cruise Industry And Time Sharing Abstract Since the last ten years the market has seen an extensive growth in the contemporary cruise industry and there has been an increase in customer research on the innovative naval design ideas, lengths of the cruising ships, including splendid destinations on the global scale, including on-board and on-shore activities, as these are the plans that can help the people in getting the vacations they want. OBJECTIVES This paper will attempt to explore Cruise Market Timesharing along with important market predispositions, and important and valuable markets for the cruising business. The paper will also explore the competitive nature of the cruising industry along with the major competitors in the cruising industry also taking into account the leading business strategy. INTRODUCTION Development of Cruise Industry Cruise industry symbolizes a small part of the vacation business environment which itself is a very small portion of the leisure business. The cruise industry is attributed by extraordinary value proposition, great demand, favorable guest demographics, high guest fulfillment rate and positive supply vs. demand balance. The business has seen a large development over time and it is anticipated to grow more in the following years. Though, in 2009, the development in business has turned down, but it is anticipated to lift up again as the global economy improves progressively from the recession. Seeing the development potential in cruise industry, the number of competitors has raised and the existing competitors will be growing their capabilities in the following years. (Middlemiss McNulty, 2007) The cruise industry has its roots dating back to the 1970s and this is the era that has been seen an enormous growth in the North American industry. It has been seen that there has been an increase of popularization that is considered as a key factor in the tourism sector with an increase in the cruising business becoming an important economic factor. Cruise industry is an important example of the globalization having many destinations all around the world, the customers of cruising industry belong to various countries as well as the employees of the cruising industries are from various continents. In addition to this an important fact is that in the past there was an increased level of detachment from the rest of the societies and the countries that are now reduced along with an increase in an economic, legal, ecological and social implication. A crisis-resistant industry with a varied offer of airlift choices and ports that are more modernized have made people choose cruising as an option for having vacations as there is an increase in the consumers knowing the fact that cruising is more relaxing, eventful and an adventurous choice for more than a million consumers coming in to cruise from global destinations. Cruising is now considered as a dynamic business that has been known for an increase in the products that it has offered with a development in potential markets. As observed there has been an average 8.5% increase in the annual growth in cruising industry since the last 20 years, with an addition of almost 90 million passengers since the 80s. the reports have suggested that more than 60% of the current customers have been generated in the last ten years . since that time there has been no slowing down as there were more than 13 and 13.5 million passengers between 2008 and 2009 as compared to 13 million in the year of 2007, and these increases are also being observed in the coming years. An important part to be considered in the case of cruising industry is the capacity and since the last ten years and more there has been an increase in the capacity of cruise industry. The history has it that there were only 40 cruise ships in 1980s, with an addition of 80 vessels in the 1990s, with a 40% increase between the years of 2000 and 2005. These years these fleets have joined newly designed ships that have caused a 25% increase in the cruise ships. Recently there has been an increased investment in newer and more innovative ships that have a capacity of more than 3,000 passengers. These ships promise to offer lower shipping and cruising rates thereby helping in developing a better economy of scale . Some of the activities that are offered by these ships include multi-story shopping centers, cafes, restaurants, art galleries. Thereby these ships offer more than just the cruising experience to the customers. In the case of cruising ships it has been seen that there is a fleet that has a capacity to carry more than hundred cruise ships having the capacity of carrying more than millions of passengers. These ships travel and cruise through many geographical locations on the global scale that can cover more than 500 destinations worldwide. Of these, these days, Caribbean cruises are the most popular ones, than the Mediterranean cruises and European cruise ships that have reached destinations that include Barcelona, Athens and the Greek Islands, Amsterdam, the Scandinavia Fjords, Helsinki, and San Petersburg. However, the North America is the main market for cruise trade. Though the area signifies the most mature marketplace of cruise business, with mainstream of travelers originating from the United States, it is still immature with large potential. Therefore, business players are working to raise their ship capabilities and lower berth capabilities to fulfill the increasing need of the business. Europe is the 2nd largest marketplace after North America, symbolizing the fastest developing marketplace. The European cruise business continues to boost its share of the international cruise marketplace, with United Kingdom being the biggest shareholder in the European marketplace. (Anonymous, 2006) The major strengths of the cruise line market are its extreme desirability among customers. Cruises attract to the US citizens desire of adventure. The 2nd strength is that cruise lines industry has demonstrated a great capability to modify their product to fulfill famous social trends and extend into untapped marketplaces. The current trend to present a large range of entertainments and the current fame of Theme Cruises has been a worthwhile asset. The presenting of different priced cruises is also sign of the industrys capability to change and as a consequence expand their marketplace. The spreading out into foreign marketplace is further proof of this strength (Mancini, 2003). The cruise line market has shown the capability to not only discover new marketplaces, but to take over them as well. And the final benefit is that the cruise line business operates at 100 percent capacity. The international cruise business is now looking towards Asia as a key development engine. The Asian cruise industry is increasing at a good growth pace. With the increasing middle class group and the growing interest of individuals in cruising businesses, this area gives ample development potential for the players. Being among the top ideal destination for passengers, the Australian and Singapore cruise market can witness large development in upcoming years. With an increase in the business of the cruising industry there has been an increase in the demand of better organizational structures and better planning and strategic structures that can increase competition on the global scale. These competitions are based on the potential markets that are being focused and that have been able to generate higher revenues with an addition of the markets from North America and Britain. Safety and Security Recently it has been found that the number of tourists worldwide who hire cruise vacations stands at approximately 13.4 million, symbolizing around 1.8 percent of the total global travel market, as anticipated by the World Tourism Organization. Roger Cartwright and Carolyn Baird, 2007 also mentioned that the far from being disheartened at this existing level of market portion, the business fully identifies the opportunities ahead as players expand into modern forms of cruises (containing the niche budget option); set their objectives on various demographic groups; and, head for new waters. (Cartwright Baird, 2007) Within one year there are more than 13 million passengers who enjoy the cruising each year and the main aim behind these cruises is to ensure the safety and enjoyment of the cruising customers. The help of extra protection provided by law enforcement agencies, FBI and U.S. Coast Guard, ensures the safety of the customers. In order to maximize the protection of the customers there are numerous codes that are to be followed by the cruise lines. CLIA policies have been recently approved that ensure an increased level of security. On an annual basis an examination known as Control Verification Certificate examination is conducted by the U.S. Coast Guard. An important part of the cruising industry is a Security Committee that is composed of security officers. These security officers are responsible for meeting the law enforcement and intelligence agencies in order to discuss the issues that relate to ship security and intelligence assessments. Competition in Cruise Industry Currently the cruise line business has been undergoing a period of huge development over the last 10 years. By some calculations, the cruise market in US alone has earned over $32 billion during 2005. Such income makes sure that the cruise business remains one of the very competitive across all marketplaces. Even smaller marketplaces have been experiencing a boost in cruise business operations. The Canadian marketplace has seen some ports increased over ninety cruise ship callings on a yearly basis and this is a large amount of traffic for a conventional smaller market. Therefore, the competitive profile for the business has boosted in terms of market share and competitive contention. (Dickinson Vladimir, 2007) These days it has been seen that the cruise shipping volume is smaller as there are barriers associated with the entrance and exits along with higher costs of selling and purchasing the cruise ships. In addition to this there are higher investments needed in the managing cruise lines as there are influences of these purchases on the multiple strategies related to organizational and management of these cruise lines. Important actors that have been identified in the case of increased and changing bargaining power and capability of the cruise industries in order to gain advantages of better economies include the size of the market that is effective in two different ways; a) There are a lesser shipbuilders and technology developers in the cruising industry that are able to accept the prices that are offered to them; b) There are a large number of suppliers and equipment thereby there is a great choice of bargain; Thereby there are a lesser number of companies left that are more vary of the potential threats that are faced by the companies for the clientele in order to provide the customers with options as improved vacation strategies, sightseeing vacations, including thematic parks. There are many opportunities that have caused planning diverse strategies that can help the specialization in specific areas of business. Newly designed strategies have also helped in the development of better cruising products that help to serve massive consumer markets. There has been a great change in the marketing strategy along with a great change in the brand image that has caused an improvement in the commercial environment. DISCUSSION The cruise industry has been seen to be threatened by such events as Achille Lauro hijack in 1985, the Iraq and Kosovo wars, and September 11 attacks, and these include the process of restructuration and merging in the cruising sector. Among the cruising companies, Renaissance Cruises was among the first ones to file for bankruptcy in 2001, after this American Classic Voyages and ten well-known brand names, a result of which there was a cease in operations thereby leaving the market open for the largest cruise companies that include Carnival Corporation, Royal Caribbean Cruise Limited and Star Cruises. The Carnival Corporation, having a headquartered in Miami and London is considered as a leader in the cruising industry. This is the company that has over 12 cruise brands in North America, Europe and Australia operating more than 89 cruise ships, along with more than 65,000 shipboard employees and 170,000 guests all around the world. It has been seen that the corporate offices of some of some of the cruise companies are located in the United States and Europe as the clients of these organizations. The companies have their fleets registered in the countries as Panama, Bermuda, Liberia, and Bahamas. Some of the main revenues that are generated in this case are from the passengers and by the help of maintaining the clients that helps in the financial stability. On the other hand, it has been seen that the cruise fares play important roles in the commercial relations of the cruise industry. These days there is an increase in the number of items and services provided by the cruising ships for the customers. For instance as compared to the older days there is an increased number of spa and personal care services, shipboard stores and boutiques, photography departments and art auctions at prices that have been the cause of an increased competition. Some of these services are offered by the concessionaires and subcontractors. Other than these there are some Cruise companies that have started to introduce varied practices in order to build the customer base that makes them spend more money. These services include cybercafà ©s, satellite telephone services, restaurants and bars, and diverse revenue-generating schemes in passengers cabins that include the interactive multimedia and TV, minibars. One of the main aims that are linked with cruising includes relaxing and having a vacation whereas there is one class of consumers that are more into enjoying all kinds of services that are being provided along with enjoying all the destinations. Thereby there has been an increase in the kind of activities that are being offered at the cruise ships that include gambling, videogames, adventure sports, computers, culinary workshops, and virtual reality centers, theme nights and so on. On the other hand it has been seen that passengers on the cruise ships are also encouraged to participate in an increasing number of onshore activities. The marketing campaigns of these activities on the ships began in the 1980s and since that time there has been an increase in the number of excursion tours and port lecturers, contracted with local concessionaires and tour operators so that later on it can be sold to passengers onboard. Cruising may last for several hours as the time increase when there is anchoring and the ship is docked. These dockings also provide different themes and a number of activities that include sightseeing, as there are sites that include natural, ecological and bio spherical locations. Along with these the destinations include wildlife viewing; adventure sports excursions, adventure tours, along with diverse environments that include natural environments; and historical places and cultural tours, museums and monumental heritages. It has been seen that these days the cruise industry has been able to maintain good relationships with the land-based tourism industry. In addition to this the bargaining power has also increased in the recent years and these have impacts on the services and these bargaining powers have also provided additional income from selling of such products and services. It has been estimated that there is an additional income associated with an arrangement of the On-shore excursions and visits to ports for many cruise companies. Thereby as a service it has been seen that passengers are provided with a map from which the passengers can select their destinations. These maps also include service shops that are associated with the cruise shops along with commercial establishments in a specific area.. In the year of 1990, it was seen that there were changes in these strategies provided to the passengers as there was an introduction of the concept of Private Island. This concept was developed by Norwegian Cruise Lines and was later on adopted by other companies that were providing the cruising services in the Caribbean waters. These strategies have been the cause of additional incomes for these companies. Newer cruise companies have an additional control over some shops. Other than onboard revenue, there are many alternative ways by the help of which cruise industries are making money having better economic results as there has been an increase in the economies of scale and there has been an improved in the management systems. Economic scales have also shown changes in the case of cruising industries as there has been an increase in the port-related activities with an increase in the port based activities. Thereby ports are now the source of an increased incomes even since the 9/11 attacks, as there has been a redesigning of the cruise routes as these routes are now closer to United States. These changes in routes have now caused a great change in the market trends in the case of Caribbean cities that have offered a reduction in the port charges. One of the most important facts in this case illustrates the fact that cruise companies are now playing important roles in an economic development along with a port facilities and infrastructures. Future Trends Within a short time, there has been an increase in the potential growth of cruise industry with an increase in the capability to move ships and fleets with an increase in the cruising demands. There has been an increase in the fuel price in the face of economic crisis, an increase in the terrorism, along with an increase in the political instability have been some of the most important challenges that are being faced by the cruise industries. Since the last ten years, cruise companies have ordered new and improved ships on the daily basis. On the other hand, the new ships that have been ordered are the ones that the new ships have added additional 20 billion dollars with an addition of 85,480 berths in the cruising market. It has been estimated that until 2012 there will be an addition of 4.2 million passengers. On the other hand, cruising companies including Royal Caribbean International have been ordering more innovative and luxurious ships that have additional capacities that also include Genesis-class vessels, and these have the cost of around $1.65 billion. On the other hand it has been seen that these new ships have an additional capacity of 5,400 passengers and 2,100 crewmembers. However one of the main changes that have taken place is that there are slower economic changes that have caused reconsideration in the business having a control over the costs and a reduction in the costs. But there have been some studies carried out by the financial analysts and they have argued that there will be no effects of these economic changes on the passengers. There have been many arrangements made by these companies with additional fleets that are equipped with more innovative services and technologies. These services promise better services to the passengers as there has been an increase in the innovative ships that can offer better services and better environments to the passengers. Many cruise executives are convinced that the current economic situation has an advantage on the cruise companies. CONCLUSION It has been seen that the cruise companies is now a more competitive market business. There has been an increase in the development of the cruise business with an increase in the business competition with latest and more innovative ships and improved technology. With this there is an addition of many clients and customers that have become more demanding with increased demands of 24 hour entertainment. There is an increase in the strains that are being faced. There is a need to increase the clients as these clients are the only source of profits as there is a need to market share and sales volume. Thereby there is a need of new clientele that can help the cruise industry to compete with greater and better challenges. These days it has been seen that the companies are now competing for new Asian markets , Middle East, Amazon and Brazil, Greenland and the Antarctic regions, as it has been realized that there are regions that offer better prospects for profits.

Objectives of Wpm

Objectives: According to Gosep, workers’ participation may be viewed as: o An instrument for increasing the efficiency of enterprises and establishing harmonious relations; o A device for developing social education for promoting solidarity among workers and for tapping human talents; o A means for achieving industrial peace and harmony which leads to higher productivity and increased production; o A humanitarian act, elevating the status of a worker in the society; o An ideological way of developing self-management and promoting industrial democracy. Other objectives of WPM can be cited as: To improve the quality of working life (QWL) by allowing the workers greater influence and involvement in work and satisfaction obtained from work; and o To secure the mutual co-operation of employees and employers in achieving industrial peace; greater efficiency and productivity in the interest of the enterprise, the workers, the consumers and the nation. The main implications of workers ’ participation in management as summarized by ILO: o Workers have ideas which can be useful; o Workers may work more intelligently if they are informed about the reasons for and the intention of decisions that are taken in a participative atmosphere.Introduction: Three groups of managerial decisions affect the workers of any industrial establishment and hence the workers must have a say in it. o Economic decisions – methods of manufacturing, automation, shutdown, lay-offs, mergers. o Personnel decisions – recruitment and selection, promotions, demotions, transfers, grievance settlement, work distribution. o Social decisions – hours of work, welfare measures, questions affecting work rules and conduct of individual worker’s safety, health, sanitation and noise control.Participation basically means sharing the decision-making power with the lower ranks of the organization in an appropriate manner. Definitions: The concept of WPM is a broad and compl ex one. Depending on the socio-political environment and cultural conditions, the scope and contents of participation change. International Institute of Labour Studies: WPM is the participation resulting from the practices which increase the scope for employees’ share of influence in decision-making at different tiers of organizational hierarch with concomitant assumption of responsibility.ILO: Workers’ participation, may broadly be taken to cover all terms of association of workers and their representatives with the decision-making process, ranging from exchange of information, consultations, decisions and negotiations, to more institutionalized forms such as the presence of workers’ member on management or supervisory boards or even management by workers themselves as practiced in Yugoslavia. Objectives:According to Gosep, workers’ participation may be viewed as: o An instrument for increasing the efficiency of enterprises and establishing harmonious re lations; o A device for developing social education for promoting solidarity among workers and for tapping human talents; o A means for achieving industrial peace and harmony which leads to higher productivity and increased production; o A humanitarian act, elevating the status of a worker in the society; o An ideological way of developing self-management and promoting industrial democracy. Other objectives of WPM can be cited as: To improve the quality of working life (QWL) by allowing the workers greater influence and involvement in work and satisfaction obtained from work; and o To secure the mutual co-operation of employees and employers in achieving industrial peace; greater efficiency and productivity in the interest of the enterprise, the workers, the consumers and the nation. The main implications of workers’ participation in management as summarized by ILO: o Workers have ideas which can be useful; o Workers may work more intelligently if they are informed about the reasons for and the intention of decisions that are taken in a participative atmosphere.Importance: Unique motivational power and a great psychological value. Peace and harmony between workers and management. Workers get to see how their actions would contribute to the overall growth of the company. They tend to view the decisions as `their own’ and are more enthusiastic in their implementation. Participation makes them more responsible. o They become more willing to take initiative and come out with cost-saving suggestions and growth-oriented ideas. Scope and ways of participation: One view is that workers or the trade unions should, as equal partners, sit with the management and make joint managerial decisions.The other view is that workers should only be given an opportunity, through their representatives, to influence managerial decisions at various levels. In practice, the participation of workers can take place by one or all the methods listed below: o Board level parti cipation o Ownership participation o Complete control o Staff or work councils o Joint councils and committees o Collective Bargaining o Job enlargement and enrichment o Suggestion schemes o Quality circles o Empowered teams o TQM o Financial participation Participation at the Board level: This would be the highest form of industrial democracy.The workers’ representative on the Board can play a useful role in safeguarding the interests of workers. He or she can serve as a guide and a control element. o He or she can prevail upon top management not to take measures that would be unpopular with the employees. o He or she can guide the Board members on matters of investment in employee benefit schemes like housing, and so forth. The Government of India took the initiative and appointed workers’ representatives on the Board of Hindustan Antibiotics (Pune), HMT (Bangalore), and even nationalized banks.The Tatas, DCM, and a few others have adopted this practice. Problems ass ociated with this method: o Focus of workers’ representatives is different from the focus of the remaining members of the Board. o Communication and subsequently relations between the workers’ representative and the workers suffers after the former assumes directorship. He or she tends to become alienated from the workers. o As a result, he or she may be less effective with the other members of the Board in dealing with employee matters. Because of the differences in the cultural and educational backgrounds, and differences in behaviour and manners, such an employees’ representative may feel inferior to the other members, and he or she may feel suffocated. Hence, his or her role as a director may not be satisfying for either the workers or the management. o Such representatives of workers’ on the Board, places them in a minority. And the decisions of the Board are arrived at on the basis of the majority vote. Participation through ownership: This involves making the workers’ shareholders of the company by inducing them to buy equity shares. In many cases, advances and financial assistance in the form of easy repayment options are extended to enable employees to buy equity shares. Examples of this method are available in the manufacturing as well as the service sector. Advantage: o Makes the workers committed to the job and to the organization. Drawback: o Effect on participation is limited because ownership and management are two different things. Participation through complete control: Workers acquire complete control of the management through elected boards. The system of self-management in Yugoslavia is based on this concept.Self-management gives complete control to workers to manage directly all aspects of industries through their representatives. Advantages: o Ensures identification of the workers with their organization. o Industrial disputes disappear when workers develop loyalty to the organization. o Trade unions wel come this type of participation. Conclusion: Complete control by workers is not an answer to the problem of participation because the workers do not evince interest in management decisions. Participation through Staff and Works Councils: Staff councils or works councils are bodies on which the representation is entirely of the employees.There may be one council for the entire organization or a hierarchy of councils. The employees of the respective sections elect the members of the councils. Such councils play a varied role. o Their role ranges from seeking information on the management’s intentions to a full share in decision-making. Such councils have not enjoyed too much of success because trade union leaders fear the erosion of their power and prestige if such workers’ bodies were to prevail. Participation through Joint Councils and Committees: Joint councils are bodies comprising representatives of employers and employees. This method sees a very loose form of part icipation, as these councils are mostly consultative bodies. Work committees are a legal requirement in industrial establishments employing 100 or more workers. o Such committees discuss a wide range of topics connected to labour welfare. o Examples of such committees are welfare committee, safety committee, etc. o Such committees have not proven to be too effective in promoting industrial democracy, increasing productivity and reducing labour unrest. Participation through Collective Bargaining: Through the process of CB, management and workers may reach collective greement regarding rules for the formulation and termination of the contract of employment, as well as conditions of service in an establishment. Even though these agreements are not legally binding, they do have some force. For CB to work, the workers’ and the employers’ representatives need to bargain in the right spirit. But in practice, while bargaining, each party tries to take advantage of the other. T his process of CB cannot be called WPM in its strongest sense as in reality; CB is based on the crude concept of exercising power for the benefit of one party. WPM, on the other hand, brings both the parties together and develops appropriate mutual understanding and brings about a mature responsible relationship. Participation through Job Enlargement and Job Enrichment: Excessive job specialization that is seen as a by-product of mass production in industries, leads to boredom and associated problems in employees. Two methods of job designing – job enlargement and job enrichment– are seen as methods of addressing the problems. o Job enlargement means expanding the job content – adding task elements horizontally. Job enrichment means adding `motivators’ to the job to make it more rewarding. This is WPM in that it offers freedom and scope to the workers to use their judgment. But this form of participation is very basic as it provides only limited freedom t o a worker concerning the method of performing his/her job. The worker has no say in other vital issues of concern to him – issues such as job and income security, welfare schemes and other policy decisions. Participation through Suggestion Schemes: Employees’ views are invited and reward is given for the best suggestion.With this scheme, the employees’ interest in the problems of the organization is aroused and maintained. Progressive managements increasingly use the suggestion schemes. Suggestions can come from various levels. The ideas could range from changes in inspection procedures to design changes, process simplification, paper-work reduction and the like. o Out of various suggestions, those accepted could provide marginal to substantial benefits to the company. The rewards given to the employees are in line with the benefits derived from the suggestions. Participation through Quality Circles:Concept originated in Japan in the early 1960s and has now spr ead all over the world. A QC consists of seven to ten people from the same work area who meet regularly to define, analyze, and solve quality and related problems in their area. Training in problem-solving techniques is provided to the members. QCs are said to provide quick, concrete, and impressive results when correctly implemented. Advantages: o Employees become involved in decision-making, acquire communication and analytical skills and improve efficiency of the work place. o Organization gets to enjoy higher savings-to-cost ratios. Chances of QC members to get promotions are enhanced. The Indian Scenario: o Tried by BHEL, Mahindra and Mahindra, Godrej and Boyce among others. o Experienced mixed results: M&M (jeep division) with 76 QCs has experienced favourable results. †¢ Technical problems got solved. †¢ Workers got to get out of their daily routine and do something challenging. Trade unions look at it as: †¢ A way of overburdening workers, and †¢ An attem pt to undermine their role. These circles require a lot of time and commitment on the part of members for regular meetings, analysis, brainstorming, etc.Most QCs have a definite life cycle – one to three years. o Few circles survive beyond this limit either because they loose steam or they face simple problems. QCs can be an excellent bridge between participative and non-participative approaches. For QCs to succeed in the long run, the management needs to show its commitment by implementing some of the suggestions of the groups and providing feedback on the disposition of all suggestions. Empowered Teams: Empowerment occurs when authority and responsibility are passed on to the employees who then experience a sense of ownership and control over their obs. Employees may feel more responsible, may take initiative in their work, may get more work done, and may enjoy the work more. For empowerment to occur, the following approach needs to be followed as compared to the traditiona l approach: Element Traditional Org. Empowered Teams Organizational structure Layered, individual Flat, team Job design Narrow, single task Whole process, multiple tasks Management role Direct, control Coach, facilitate Leadership Top-down Shared with the team Information flow Controlled, limited Open, sharedRewards Individual, seniority Team-based, skill-based Job process Managers plan, control, improve Teams plan, control, improve Features of empowered or self-directed teams: o Empowered to share various management and leadership functions. o Plan, control and improve their work. o Often create their schedules and review their performance as a group. o May prepare their own budgets and co-ordinate their work with other departments. o Usually order materials, keep inventories and deal with suppliers. o Frequently responsible for acquiring any new training they might need. May hire their own replacement to assume responsibility for the quality of their products or services. Titan, R eliance, ABB, GE Plastics (India), Wipro Corporation and Wipro InfoTech are empowering employees – both frontline as well as production staff, and are enjoying positive results. Total Quality Management: TQM refers to the deep commitment, almost obsession, of an organization to quality. Every step in company’s processes is subjected to intense and regular scrutiny for ways to improve it. Some traditional beliefs are discarded. o High quality costs more. Quality can be improved by inspection. o Defects cannot be completely eliminated. o Quality in the job of the QC personnel. New principles of TQM are: o Meet the customer’s requirement on time, the first time, and 100% of the time. o Strive to do error-free work. o Manage by prevention, not correction. o Measure the cost of quality. TQM is called participative because it is a formal programme involving every employee in the organization; making each one responsible for improving quality everyday. Financial Partic ipation: This method involves less consultations or even joint decisions.Performance of the organization is linked to the performance of the employee. The logic behind this is that if an employee has a financial stake in the organization, he/she is likely to be more positively motivated and involved. Some schemes of financial participation: o Profit-linked pay o Profit sharing and Employees’ Stock Option schemes. o Pension-fund participation. Pre-requisites for successful participation: Management and operatives/employees should not work at cross-purposes i. e. they must have clearly defined and complementary objectives.Free flow of communication and information. Participation of outside trade union leaders to be avoided. Strong and effective trade unionism. Workers’ education and training. Trade unions and government needs to work in this area. Trust between both the parties. Workers should be associated at all levels of decision-making. Employees cannot spend all the ir time in participation to the exclusion of all other work. Limitations of participation: Technology and organizations today are so complex that specialized work-roles are required. o This means employees will not be able to articipate effectively in matters beyond their particular environment. Everybody need not want participation. The role of trade unions in promoting participative management has been far from satisfactory. Employers are unwilling to share power with the workers’ representatives. Managers consider participative management a fraud. Evolution of participative management in India: The beginning towards WPM was made with the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947, which made Works Committees mandatory in industrial establishments employing 100 or more workers.The Industrial Policy Resolution adopted by the government in 1956 stated that there should be some joint consultation to ensure industrial peace, and improve employer-employee relations. The functions of both the se joint bodies were to be consultative and were not binding on the management. The response to these schemes was encouraging to begin with, but gradually waned. o A study team was appointed in 1962 to report on the working of joint councils and committees. The team identified some reasons for their failure.No concrete steps were taken to remove the difficulties, or change the pattern of participative management. During the emergency of 1975-77, the interest in these schemes was revived by the then Prime Minister by including Workers’ Participation in industry in the government’s 20-point programme. o The government started persuading large enterprises to set up joint consultative committees and councils at different levels. The Janata Government who came to power in 1977 carried on this initiative. In was again emphasized by the Congress government who came back n 1979.This continued in a â€Å"non-statutory vein† till the late 1980s, and the response from the employers and employees stayed luke-warm. o Then, the 42nd Amendment to the Constitution was made. Now, Article 43-A reads: The State shall take steps, by suitable legislation, or in any other way, to secure the participation of workers in the management of undertakings, establishments or other organizations engaged in any industry. Thus, participative management is a constitutional commitment in India. o And then, on May 30,1990; the government introduced the Participation of Workers in Management Bill in the Rajya Sabha.The bill requires every industrial enterprise to constitute one or more `Shop-Floor Councils’ at the shop floor level, and`Establishment Council’ at the establishment level. These councils will have equal representation of employers and employees. Shop-Floor councils enjoy powers over a wide range of functions from production, wastage control to safety hazards. The Establishment Council enjoys similar powers. The bill provides for the constitution of a Board of Management of every corporate body owning an industrial establishment.The bill also provides for penalties on individuals who contravene any provision of the bill. In spite of all these efforts, only the government and the academicians have been interested in participative management. But participative management is staging a comeback. o The compulsions of emerging competitive environment have made employee involvement more relevant than ever before. o Managers and the managed are forced to forget their known stands, break barriers, and work in unison. Managers and workers are partners in the progress of business.

The Silent Cinema - 872 Words

As Richard Abel observes, â€Å"The materiality of silent cinema†¦has become so unfamiliar to us, so different from that of our own cinema in the late twentieth century† that it is difficult to view silent film as anything but anachronistic (4). However, with 2011’s The Artist—an homage to silent film—winning Best Picture at the Academy Awards, it may be worthwhile to examine the nature and appeal of silent film. In a way, silent film does something that the modern day special effects spectaculars do not do: it leaves more to the imagination and calls upon the viewer to use his or her own mind in correspondence with the moving pictures. This paper will analyze what it is that makes silent film unique and show how the nature of silent film†¦show more content†¦Even such a simple, ordinary event produced a visceral thrill because it played upon the imaginations of the audience—and the audience was encouraged to fill in the gaps betwe en what it was seeing and what the real thing was like. Therefore, it is likely that the Lumieres’ audience in 1895 could hear the sound of the train and the rush of the crowd and the noises of the station in its mind—even though in reality all it was seeing was the silent flashing image of the train on a screen. The ability of film to produce such a trick has always been its main selling point. When Szaloky states that â€Å"Rick Altman’s claim that ‘silence was in fact a regular practice of silent film exhibition’ appears†¦to challenge the historical accuracy of the received opinion that ‘the silent film never existed’† (109), she suggests that silent film did not necessarily need the live musical accompaniment that modern audiences so often associate with the silent film showing. On the contrary, it is likely that the silent films themselves often ran silently. In fact, Szaloky makes the point â€Å"that the term ‘silent film’ came to denote early cinema only after the coming of sound had turned presound films into ‘silents’† (109). What this means is that silent film as it has been conceived since the introduction of talkies is not the way it was conceivedShow MoreRelatedThe Great Train Robbery And The Narra tive Structure Of Silent Cinema1168 Words   |  5 PagesThis essay will analyse and discuss The Great Train Robbery (1903) in relation to the narrative structure of silent cinema. The Edison Manufacturing Co, with the estimated budget of $150, produced The Great Train Robbery. Directed by Edwin S. Porter the film has a runtime of 11 minutes, with an aspect ratio of 1:33:1. The film was printed on 35mm hand coloured film and ran at 18 (FPS). The film was later released on December 1st 1903; the majority of the film was shot in New Jersey, USA. 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