The Effect Of Cryotherapy Health And Social Care Essay

This chapter summarizes the major findings, restrictions, deductions in the field of nursing instruction, nursing pattern, nursing research and recommendations for farther research. The survey was conducted with the aims to place the effectivity of cryotherapy prior to passive stretching on the degree of spasticity and manus map among kids with intellectual paralysis in Families for kids, Coimbatore. A quasi experimental, pretest post-test with control group design was adopted for the survey. Purposive sampling technique was used to choose the samples for the survey. Entire figure of samples selected for the survey was 30. The selected samples were indiscriminately assigned to experimental and command group instead. Initially the degree of spasticity and manus map was measured utilizing Ashworth graduated table and Zancolli categorization manus map graduated table before intercession. For experimental group, cryotherapy was given for 20 proceedingss prior to passive stretching on the flexor compartment of the forearm and no intercession given to command group. The degree of spasticity and manus map were reassessed after 10 yearss. ‘t ‘ trial for depe ndant and independent samples was used to happen out the consequence of cryotherapy prior to passive stretching on the degree of spasticity and manus map among kids with intellectual paralysis. The findings from the survey concluded that, cryotherapy prior to passive stretching was effectual in cut downing the spasticity and betterment in manus map among kids with intellectual paralysis.6. 1. Major FINDINGS OF THE STUDYCryotherapy prior to passive stretching was found to be effectual in cut downing the degree of spasticity and betterment of manus map among kids with intellectual paralysis The consequence shows that, there is a important decrease in degree of spasticity in experimental group when compared to the control group among kids with intellectual paralysis. The consequence shows that, there is a important betterment of manus map in experimental group when compared to command group among kids with intellectual paralysis.6. 2. RECOMMENDATIONSCryotherapy prior to passive stretching can be used as a everyday intercession among kids with intellectual paralysis. A survey can be conducted utilizing ice application prior to passive stretching on spasticity and reduced scope of gesture in lower limbs in kids with intellectual paralysis6. 3. Nursing DeductionThe wellness professionals particularly paediatric nurses have a major function in supplying compassionate attention to kids. The nurses have the duty in assisting kids for monitoring and pull offing the attention for the kids with disablements like intellectual paralysis. Cryotherapy is one of the cost effectual method to cut down spasticity and bettering manus map among kids with intellectual paralysis prior to passive stretching. Consequences of this survey have deductions in nursing instruction, nursing pattern, nursing disposal and nursing research.6. 3. 1. Nursing EducationChildren with spasticity receive assorted methods of intervention like physical therapy. To pull off the symptoms efficaciously there are many alternate therapies like hydropathy, cold therapy and other exercisings. Among these therapies cryotherapy is one of the alternate intervention. In the field of nursing instruction, disposal of cryotherapy prior to passive stretching exercisings is concerned with holistic attention of patients. Therefore, it is appropriate to integrate alternate therapies like cryotherapy into nursing course of study.6. 3. 2. Nursing PracticeNursing consists of a organic structure of cognition that is ever altering with new inventions. Integration of inventions into nursing pattern improves the quality of attention provided to paediatric population. Ice application facilitates the decrease of spasticity and helps in betterment of manus map among kids with intellectual paralysis. The intercession of ice application enhances the accomplishment and attempt of paediatric nurses in cut downing spasticity and bettering manus map during the process. Hence, ice application can be adopted as a everyday pattern before inactive stretching exercisings in kids with intellectual paral ysis.6. 3. 3. Nursing AdministrationWhen non-pharmacological therapy progresss, the decision maker has the duty of supplying paediatric nurses with significant go oning instruction chances and enabling them to update their cognition with current research findings. The nurse decision makers must pull written policies sing the benefits of cryotherapy for cut downing spasticity and bettering manus map prior to passive stretching in kids with intellectual paralysis6.3.4. Nursing ResearchNursing research must concentrate more on the grounds based and holistic pattern by understanding the assorted techniques that can convey about important positive and psychological results for kids. The alternate therapy like ice application as one of the nursing intercession for kids with spasticity and decreased manus map which is an low-cost and effectual manner can be practiced based on research findings. The findings of the present survey can be utilized by the nurse research worker to lend to new cognition sing spasticity direction. The consequences from the present survey will assist the paediatric nurses in pull offing intellectual kids with spasticity.6. 4. DecisionCryotherapy is a non-pharmacological therapy used in the present survey to measure the degree of spasticity and manus map among kids with intellectual paralysis. The findings revealed that, cryotherapy was effectual in cut downing spasticity and bettering manus map. The therapy is besides cost effectual. Hence, the research worker concluded that, all paediatric nurses should follow this intercession in their clinical pattern to cut down spasticity and bettering manus map among kids with spastic intellectual p aralysis.

Report to Shareholders Essay

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Biography of Caroll Lewis

Lewis Caroll had his birth at Daresbury in 27th January of 1832. His death was at Guildford on the January 14th 1898. Down his history as Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, he had been presented among the most prominent persons in the Victorian literature. The question of literate development by Caroll remains unquestionable remains highly volatile. The next question is, was Lewis Caroll a brilliant literate? What epochs did his life went through? He is characterized of various similarities to that of Gerald Hopkins who came later after him.To both the Caroll and Hopkins, their fantasies and poems respectively had their conception allied to the great Victorian era which was compounded by many clergy-men who portrayed broad status of academic, religious, ascetic and restricted livelihoods. Both the works of Caroll and Hopkins had fascinating words. Their writings were influenced by the artistic tools and approach they broadly used which was a broad compound of painstaking amateur of draughts m en which led to great audience preoccupations.However, the work of Caroll never got any public knowledge during his life time only until his death where great praises marred his artistic conceptions. (Knowles, Kirstein, 1996, 86) Due to the crafty audience environment, Caroll had pseudonym as his basic refuge. However, until his death, Caroll never got any fame where his original poems remained still unpublished at the epoch of his death. The same publish came only after years till his death.(David, Janel, 2002, 78) Until his death, the Victorian had a revolution which brought diversity in the religious and personal view autonomy which were engineered by the great test as well as the artistic character of the two fallen rhetorical heroes. Accordingly, the poetry work by Hopkins was made for the adults while the fantastic titles by Caroll were made to capture the children. However, his rhetorical life was dominated by nostalgia but his character stood as complexity and originality wi th a great variance in interest which was a basic tool for off-setting state of recurrent melancholy.Caroll grew by instinction to been a graphic as well as visual artist and could not abandon his will for drawing with regular visits to artillery exhibits as well as artistic studies. However, Caroll paused to photography on realizing that he presumably lacked professionalism in art. Historically, he became a proactive children photographer. Till his pseudonym, he derived transposition of his names which included his first name Charles Lutwidge then Ruskin, George, Holman Hunt, Tennyson, MacDonald and others. He sparred across interests in medicine, photography, art, literature and religion.He even became a deacon at twenty-nine in England. He viewed the broad aspect of life as a big puzzle. This compelled his character of even solving puzzles in logics and mathematics perhaps a descent preoccupation than any other achievement. He achieved a great success in mathematics which is beli eved as a basic element in preserving his literacy achievement in literature. According to historical analysts, his divine tool of logics and also mathematics was unpopular for anyone like him who compelled such great humor, loved children, an artist and a lover of language.(David, Janel, 2002, 68) However, his bright fantastic glow was provided by the support of science as well as his analytical mind. These two paradoxes went through shaping above the refinement until forming an inimitable crystal of rhetoric. During his mathematical lectures in 1855 at the Christ church, his character provided lack of communicating abilities for a mass class. This provided un-inspiration and also dullness in the due process of giving lectures. This provided development that his fatal contribution to Oxford would only be in publications and the research areas.Here, he consistently made contributions in mathematics and also logics. Historically, the books and articles by Caroll provided profound enj oyment and knowledge to the people. However after his death, a spontaneous period of slackened public interest came in. His broad audience submerged this in a sphere doubt. At the outbreak of the first word war in 1914, many readers were now turning back to Caroll’s work. This led to booming sales of Caroll’s editions until 1928 where maximum sales were reached. Greatly, ‘Alice Adventure in Wonderland’ attracted many buyers which included 15400 pounds by Dr.Rosenbach for its original manuscript at Sotheby. In 1948. This manuscript was finally brought in British Museum after a series of sales between people. However, this entitlement at British Museum was only a sign of appreciation for the long trailing Great Britain’s contribution in the Second World War. . (Weldon, 1987, 93) Historically, the manuscript embraced great respect above various tributes in passive memory of Caroll in the memory of Caroll’s birthdays. Such respect played an impor tant role in providing him an unequivocal place among the excellent persons. Since then, many scholars and journalists have respectively quoted his work.Elsewhere, his long enduring character is a mythological drive and folklore to many nations. To many Englishmen, two of his works, ‘Ugly Duchess’ and also ‘The Mad Hatter’ have become indispensable. (http://www. insite. com. br/rodrigo/text/lewis_carroll. html) According to personal commendations by his audience, Lewis Caroll exemplified un-piestic status of childhood handling which was in a new form. Across the glance by readers, they have characterized his work as moralizing and edifying found with fantasy, which was roadmap for witnessing the virtues allied to innocence.He portrayed his work to be a plane of unified use of common sense for all which was strengthened by the broad array in patronage of divine dignity as well as coverage to the children. (Shimpley, 1931, 68) Above writing for children, Caro ll published various books on mathematics and also logics. Through such publications, many scholars described him as vigilant of split personality which compounded pedantic mathematician as well as a prim literate. However, this was a pseudonym refuge in which he only wanted to deliver out his creativity in fanciful manner.However, this publications were cited as a concrete description of his spearheaded sense of been a Victorian don. However, a comparative analogy in the outlook provided by the, ‘The Young Vistors’ as well as the ‘Alice in Wonderland’ provide Caroll with a full contemplation of innocence which seems to be drawn away by the fatal accusations by many of his readers. (Esther, Day, 2004, 124) Caroll got his descent from two families from North Country in Daresbury. He inherited Dodgsons which was a tradition behind church services well as Lutwidges which was state service tradition.His father was called Charles Dodgson. Therefore from the spat iality of these two descents, Caroll developed his gentle character. Therefore, the parental fantasies in which he got his upbringing played a significant role in his broad rhetorical mobility. According to the Alice in Wonderland, Caroll did sending of a lizard down from a chimney as well as putting the Dormouse to a teapot. This was a clear refinement of his nonsense to a highly advocating and sensitive art. In the article, the element allied to ruthlessness was conspicuously brought out which perhaps had its inherit from the father.Elsewhere, since his childhood, Caroll life depicted a parallel life. In 1843, his family moved to the Croft Rectory in Darlington. At his new family setup, Caroll became a controversial entertainer to his family members with games, poems as well as stories. Also, he made humorous drawings and illustrated magazines. Historically, one of his childhood poetry at thirteen years contained various anticipations of mouse tail in the Alice as well as Humpty D umpty. (Esther, Day, 2004, 127) In his writing, Caroll had a long perceived and subconscious intention of escaping into Wonderland.However, he was handicapped by stammer but was since then an active and a happy child. In his early childhood work when twelve years, experts have stood to acknowledge the sigh of outstanding sense of maturity, sensitivity as a well as tenderness. At his youthful development, Caroll was however disturbed by fundamental conceptions. He had a premature advancement and was a victim of proportionality at his adolescence. However, at age of twenty-one years, Caroll stood to been a good writer after graduating from Oxford. (http://www. ourcivilisation. com/smartboard/shop/hudsond/carroll/index.htm) However in 1865, Caroll published Alice Adventure in Wonderland which was an unexpected artistic inspiration. Since this advancement in 1865, Caroll went across to a cutting age of revolution in the world of literature by writing many articles such as magazines, man uscripts and books. He also composed many humiliating poems. This included the Rectory Umbrella, Through the Looking-Glass, Mischmash, above others. He developed an outstanding prologue into writing which attracted many people. His name was praised before getting a diverse attraction to speak to people in the theatres.During the rhetorical revolution in his life, Caroll was in an establishment of raconteur character-hood as well as been a humorous freelance journalist in which he appeared in Whitby Gazette. This time was an important time in which he began speculating is literature to the society providing attractive impressions through whimsical intimations. This was however a long trailing character since his childhood. (Shimpley, 1931, 98) At the age of twenty-three in 1855, he used an attractive package of rhetorical knowledge in writing a poem which has even hit the current state of literature.Currently, this poem (four stanza’s) has been preoccupied in the poem ‘J abber- Wocky’ by the Roger Landyn. In 1856, he channeled his efforts in writing, ‘ The Train’ which was a noble poem which even attracted a great audience support. From his writing in ‘Alice in Wonderland’, Caroll got the stepping-stone for a wide support for fantasy and also experience which invited him to exploiting widely the field of literature. Since then, Caroll’s work has been bound into volumes of books and manuscript productions. His work also comprehends of many romantic poems.However across the board, Caroll’s poetry and literature work was pointed to the young children who got a lot of glamour and influence from the highly attractive and convincing sense of audience attraction. However, his attribute of love for adult audience is not fully glamoured. However, some respondents provide that he was once drawn to this phenomenon such as Hellen Terry. Indeed, to a personal conception, Caroll never revealed his love for such adult audience and was always rebuked to any sense of attraction to such audience.Since his childhood, Caroll took refuge of women from anticipating the young girls which provided a passive compensation from the lure of women friendship. Though these were little children, he made to escape the desire for sex. He intimately secured intimate satisfaction from such an association with the young children. (Shimpley, 1931, 57) According to rhetorical history, Lewis Caroll carried down work of art at such a point which is presumably highest in the industry of art. They describe his work as the most touching perhaps beyond any other artistic work.Either, the work of Edward Lear has also been pinpointed to exactly compound the great threshold of conviction which was brought by Caroll. Wonder has continued to strike the thoughts of people whether it was by accident that the two produced the most attractive work despite them been Englishmen. According to the views of rhetorical analysts, foreign E nglish explores should only explore the sense of humor and English character-hood provided by the efforts of Lewis Caroll immediately after that of Shakespeare.Due to the great sigh of humor compounding his work, great interpretations of his publications have attracted a conventional accord in the word for the last thirty years. (http://www. ourcivilisation. com/smartboard/shop/hudsond/carroll/index. htm) Basically, the crucial precepts of his nonsense writing were a tool for attracting the children audience. In the ‘Alice in Wonderland’, he subjectively used drawings to passively ignite a feeling of attraction for the young children who would consistently be attracted to the piece of drawing within the book.From its autobiography, Alice in Wonderland was evident of parochial illusions which was a method to attract at a greater capacity the will of the children. At any immediate read out to the ‘Alice in Wonderland’, the first impression is an illusion that brings attraction to them. This is through the rhetorical fantasy in which he has used as a tool of theme control in his works. Generally, the prototyped figures of turtles, the giants, caterpillars and other basic jokes are only made to provide him with an elaborated gesture of attraction to the children.(Weldon, 1987, 78) His artistic work is a compound of great concealment which has also limpid prose that is uniquely understood by ease to the children. His work is a tool for entertainment and subconsciously create room for knowledge support to the young growing children. Evident from his work, the children are highly attracted and motivated in internalizing and reading his work. This is through his fundamental arrangement of articles to provide understandability and importance of the global arrangement of the words in books and manuscripts.Summarily therefore, a lot of attribute can be internalized to the efforts of Caroll to building coherent artistic tool as a basis of develop ing knowledge in the early days of knowledge search. He is remarkably echoed as a strong icon in providing support for the provision of entertainment and the intend of knowledge buildup. Work cited A Biography of Lewis Caroll. Reteived on 11th March 2007 fom http://www. ourcivilisation. com/smartboard/shop/hudsond/carroll/index. htm David Loewenstein & Janel Mueller. The Cambridge History of early Modern English Literature.Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2002 Eisner Elliot & Day Michael. Handbook of Research and Policy in Art Education. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence and Erlbaum Associates, 2004 Knowles, M & Kirstein M. Language and Control in Children Literature. London, Routledge, 1996 Lewis Caroll Biography. Reteived on 11th March 2007 fom, http://www. insite. com. br/rodrigo/text/lewis_carroll. html Shipley Joseph. The Quest for Literature: A survey of Literacy Criticism and the Theories of the Literacy Forms. Richard Smith, 1931 Weldon Durham. American Theatre Companies, 1888-193

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Entrepreneurship - Essay Example its from the farm business continually; thus a farm manager needs to adjust his or her farm organization time by time to keep abreast of changes in methods of farming, prices variability, and the available resources among other factors. This means that for a farming business to succeed, a manager should, therefore, develop core functions to secure the success of the business. Some of the main functions that should be developed, in this case, a coffee farming business, include internal, external, and support functions (BROWN, 2008, p. 53-56). This paper will, therefore; discuss the roles and responsibilities of these functions and the significance of the functions to the sole traders and SME’s in the success of their businesses. First, internal functions consist of all necessary and essential business activities that help lay a foundation for a business. They are, therefore, required to continue the business objectives that are established by the business owner during an establishment of a business. Internal functions are also needed to continue the regular activities of a business and examples of the internal functions acquisition of finance, hiring of labour, purchasing raw materials, overhead expenses, and production of goods. In a coffee farming business, acquisition of finances is important since it will need high capital at the start-up and the running of the farm activities. Finances can be acquired from investors, banks, and other financial institutions and resources can be channelled to initiate some of the preliminary activities such as purchasing machineries such as processing plants, buildings, and land. Once this is done, the farm will need labour; people who will help cultivate the land, plant ing coffee and making sure the coffee plants are a conducive environment to grow. Additionally, the business also requires a management team, who will carry out function such as controlling the overhead expenses, controlling the production of coffee, and

Is debt a bad thing. Discuss the impact of debt on the housing market Essay

Is debt a bad thing. Discuss the impact of debt on the housing market in the UK, with reference to; (a) Levels of pesonal debt (b) Rent Arrears (c) Housing Association - Essay Example The loan seeker might be badly in need of the money and will accept all the conditions of the lender. Western people generally and the UK people in particular have a have a habit of spending all the money they earned and they don’t bother much about the need of saving for the future. Whenever they are in need of a bulk amount for purchasing a home or car they will approach the banks or other financial institutions for loan. These financial institutions are ready to help everybody irrespective of their financial capabilities before the current global economic problems started. But at present most of the financial institutions have tightened the screws by enforcing strict rules and regulations for granting loans for individuals. Housing market is one of the most important sectors as far as the loan exercise is concerned. Some of the statistics available for the UK housing market in 2009 is given below. There were 6,200 first-time buyer loans for properties between the old threshold of  £125,000 and the temporary threshold of  £175,000, representing 32% of the 19,700 loans to first-time buyers in September. In addition, 7,800 first-time buyers (40%) bought properties valued below the  £125,000 original threshold. There were 7,300 home mover loans for properties between  £125,000 and  £175,000 which was 24% of the 31,000 loans to home movers in September (One third of first-time buyers make lucky stamp duty escape, 2009) It is evident from the table that the borrowing habits in the housing market go on increasing. Because of the current recession, the criteria for lending have been tightened by many financial institutions and even then the borrowing habits were not affected. House prices are skyrocketing year after year and the earnings of the ordinary people are not enough to meet even for their daily expenses. The current global financial crisis has come

Developing Yourself as an Effective Human Resources Essay Example for Free

Developing Yourself as an Effective Human Resources Essay The Human Resources Profession Map was created by the Chartered Institute of Personnel Development (CIPD) together with Human Resources (HR) practitioners. The aim was to highlight and explain what HR personnel need to know, do and how to deliver the highest standards of knowledge, skills and behaviour required for growth and success within an organisation. The HR Map is a very important tool to help personnel identify areas that need to be developed within their career. The HR Professional Map is created for any type of organisation (small or large) and is based around areas of professional competencies to help those just starting their careers as well as seasoned professionals. The Map is structured around ten professional areas, eight behaviours and four bands of professional competence. It holds two professional core areas, which are insights, strategy and solutions and leading HR. These areas are essential for any worker who needs to develop skills to the best possible level. Firstly, s/he needs to understand the companys values and have a thorough knowledge of what the company does. The basics need to be covered before the employee can proceed within the other training and development parts of the profession map. After learning about insights, strategies and solutions, the HR practitioners should be aware of any arising problems that could effect their work place. The knowledge that comes from the gained behavioural skills should be good enough for HR practitioners to be able to come up with solutions and adapt it to new situations, helping an employee gain confidence and become a better leader. Another eight professional areas that professionals need to know are; service delivery and information; organisation design; organisation development;  resourcing and talent planning; learning and talent development; performance and reward; employee engagement and employee relations. The eight behaviours show what kind of attributes HR practitioners should implement, which are; being curious; a decisive thinker; skilled influencer; personally credible; collaborative; driven to deliver; having the courage to challenge and being a role model. All of those areas and behaviours are covered by four bands of competence. Band one would be for beginners who start their career and have a basic understanding of the HR role and band four would be for senior professionals who have the most experience within a company. The key area for me to focus on within my company would be employee engagement at band one of professional competency. For the last six years I have been working at the cinema where I have learnt everything about the companys values and goals, through starting as a staff-member to becoming a duty-manager. Employee engagement is a very important level of commitment to any company; an engaged employee should always have pride in what s/he does and work hard to achieve success. In order to have motivated and positive staff who deliver outstanding results, I need to know how to communicate, listen, train/coach my team members, setting aspirational targets through meetings, appraisals and one-to-one sessions. I am sent for various training sessions which provides me with the ability to provide the best support and training for my personnel. After observing and listening to my staff I have noticed that people learn in various ways and I need to adopt different methods in training sessions to get the best out of them and to make them feel valued and motivated. ACTIVITY 2 Understanding Customer Needs. It happens very often in my professional role that certain customers come to me asking for some data, advice or requiring assistance. Not so long ago I had three customers simultaneously come to me with individual problems. They were: Staff Member Emma, who wanted to find out how many hours of holiday she earned so far and when would be the best time to book her holidays. Operational Assistant Ben, who wanted me to add the new starters which would  be starting from the beginning of next week to the system and send a new starter form to the Head Office HR Manager. General Manager Paul, who asked me to check our monthly payroll which just got sent through and needed to be replied to by the end of the working day. It is essential that I always try to prioritise my tasks according to the customer needs and the impact it would have on the company. At the beginning I told Emma that I was unable to focus on her query at that specific moment, but would make sure that tomorrow I would have more time to talk through her holiday requests. My priority was checking the monthly payroll. The task was set by my General Manager and I had only till the end of the day to check it. I need to have enough time to thoroughly check the payroll as if there are any mistakes I need to create a report with all the faults found and send it to the HR manager to investigate. Adding new staff to the system was my second priority. The staffs data did not go live until the week after and therefore was lacking any real pressure in terms of time, and the system we use is simple and straight-forward. Nevertheless, it took priority over Emma in case there were mistakes that would later delay this important and timely process. As stated, Emma was my last priority because her query was not as pressing as the previous two. However, I still made her feel important and valued by informing her that I would have everything ready for the meeting the next day. Effective Communication Effective communication is important in every work place. It is essential for employees to build the appropriate level of trust and understanding, to help create strong working relationships and therefore solve any arising problems with more ease. The three most common ways to communicate in my company are: Face to face. The most efficient and common within my role, it is used when I want to delegate jobs to staff members, within team meetings etc. This type of communication cannot be ignored and is particularly successful in motivating staff to do their jobs effectively. Although sometimes face-to-face can be difficult and cause problems; when dealing with a difficult situation it is sometimes hard to stay calm or always see eye-to-eye. Emotions can become visible which may cloud communication and further exasperate an event. E-mails. These are used on a regular basis. Most contact with external customers is through e-mail and so we need to make sure they are always answered swiftly. They are easy, effectively free and a very fast form of communication. For my internal customers I use an e-mail service for sending out rotas and other staff requests, therefore it is important to check it daily. Unfortunately, sometimes e-mails may be misread and people could feel offended by its content due to miscommunication. Also, some messages may be misplaced and sent to a customers spam folder and therefore treated as unsent and ignored, causing negative experiences. Feedback Forms. A very popular method that is used for one-to-one meetings, probation reviews and appraisals. These forms provide to customers a clear and concise outline of their positive/negative behaviour, and acknowledge, with their line manager, what kind of changes need to be made, creating a clear plan that could help with their development. Feedback can also help staff feel appreciated and increase their self-esteem. A disadvantage of feedback forms may be the subjective nature of feedback (as anyone within the management team can choose to provide a form without first going through any procedures or checks) leaving open the possibility of personal opinions clashing with a customers work ethic. Effective Service Delivery To be able to meet all customer needs the company should have an effective service delivery. Good working relationships and team work should be key to creating a good service delivery for our customers. Everyday I have to deliver satisfactory service on time. Whether it is with our external customers by replying to their e-mails or phone calls on a daily basis or for my internal customers when writing rotas and meeting deadlines set by Management or Head Office. It is essential for a HR practitioner to be able to deliver a service within a timely manner because that will help build trust with customers. Delivering a service on budget is essential in my work place as I have to deal with it on a daily basis. I am mostly responsible for payroll and, within my company, payroll is the biggest controlling cost. Every week we have to schedule staff according to expected business levels. On top of this, everyday we have to control our forecast and act accordingly to set hours, which may incl ude sending staff home when it is quiet or  calling more people in when it is busy. Dealing with difficult customers and handling complaints is not easy, especially external ones. Whenever I have to deal with one I am always focused, listen to the persons complaint, apologise for the problem and try to explain why certain situation have happened. Im always trying to put myself in their position and empathise with them. Sometimes just explaining things may resolve the problem because a customer may not understand something, be confused or simply be agitated and in need of assistance. I asses the situation and decide how best to resolve it (whether with a mere apology or free guest passes etc). If the customer is still not happy with the outcome and would like the complaint to go further, I pass the situation onto head office to be dealt with more formally. When handling and resolving complains it is important to stay calm, communicate and be aware how serious the complaint is. Sometimes is okay to to resolve it in an informal one-to-one meeting but if its something serious like Gross Misconduct, then the complaint must be dealt with formally which could result in dismissal. Looking at the Associate Membership criteria I would need to develop practical and technical HR knowledge and collating, analysing and interpreting data. These two areas stand out the most from the associated membership criteria because I know I could develop these skills better throughout my personal development plan and become a more skilled HR practitioner. Learning more about practical and technical HR knowledge will expand my awareness and make me a more rounded, proficient professional. And learning how to properly collate, analyse and interpret data is something I have yet to really learn and so will give me a crucial grounding for further development. In order to be able to grow within developing practical and technical HR knowledge I would have to gain a lot of experience by shadowing my HR manager and fellow colleagues. In my organisation it is very important to know as much as possible about the human resources department because we do not have many people on site with HR skills. After learning about HR development I could focus on one or two key areas, such as disciplinary procedures or maternity leave, which would add key areas of knowledge to my  current HR capabilities. I believe that developing yourself practically and technically is essential for an individual who wants to become a good HR practitioner within his/her company as this is a core grounding to any career in HR. Collating, analysing and interpreting data is connected to developing practical and technical knowledge within my HR area. By getting support from my line managers I can be trained in creating weekly analyses of all payroll reports such as sickness submissions, lateness tracker and breaks. That skill would teach me how to work on our workforce payroll and I would get to know the rules and disciplinary procedures. With that in mind, I would be able to implement visible data and make staff responsible for their absences. Continuous Professional Development (CPD) is a â€Å"combination of approaches, ideas and techniques that will help you manage your own learning and growth†, focusing â€Å"firmly on results – the benefits that professional development can bring you in the real world† (CIPD website). It can be defined as a life-long learning project that describes the actions of an individual professional who is continuously planning, managing, reviewing and developing his/her skills within their professional or private life. The main aspect of CPD is the Personal Development Plan (PDP) which is structured to help and support individuals to be able to plan and organise their objectives or values in their personal or career development. It identifies what skills and knowledge you need to develop to progress further. I believe that CPD is important to me and my organisation because it gives me and my employer a chance to grow and progress within my career. It sets clear objectives and provides an opportunity to widen any knowledge and skills which are important to succeed within the organisation. By planning my PDP I am able to understand my strengths and weaknesses and learn how to improve them day by day. It keeps me interested therefore I feel motivated and positive. The company can also benefit from having the structure of CPD in place as it helps the company move forward by having motivated and happy personnel, as well as better working relationships due to managers spending more time with staff through one-to-one meetings and appraisals. The two options that I chose from my personal development plan are having practical and technical HR knowledge and completion of my CIPD course. Personally, advantages of having practical and technical HR knowledge would be the ability to implement my new skills on site and be able to use more of my own initiative on day to day basis. By shadowing my HR manager and having support from my head office team I would be able to learn about all procedures very quickly. In having those skills I would know how to run the HR department and by doing so I would be very well prepared for HR audits. The only disadvantage for this area would be time organisation, in making sure I can travel to London (and therefore needing cover) and that my HR manager has time to coach me, although this would only be for a set amount of time. The reason why I chose to study an online CIPD course is because I wanted to get my qualification while I was still working a full-time job. It provides great flexibility and no daily travel saves a lot of time and money. I find studying online is less stressful than face-to-face college as it allows me to work within my on surroundings and at a pace I am comfortable with. All lessons are available via a website and the tutors are always quick in responding to e-mails. A disadvantage to studying online is the lack of visible pressure from tutors to push me to work between my regular weekly shifts at work, although this at least helps improve my self-motivational skills.

Product Life Cycle Stages Essay Example for Free

Product Life Cycle Stages Essay As consumers, we buy millions of products every year. And just like us, these products have a life cycle. Older, long-established products eventually become less popular, while in contrast, the demand for new, more modern goods usually increases quite rapidly after they are launched. Because most companies understand the different product life cycle stages, and that the products they sell all have a limited lifespan, the majority of them will invest heavily in new product development in order to make sure that their businesses continue to grow. Product Life Cycle Stages Explained The product life cycle has 4 very clearly defined stages, each with its own characteristics that mean different things for business that are trying to manage the life cycle of their particular products. Introduction Stage – This stage of the cycle could be the most expensive for a company launching a new product. The size of the market for the product is small, which means sales are low, although they will be increasing. On the other hand, the cost of things like research and development, consumer testing, and the marketing needed to launch the product can be very high, especially if it’s a competitive sector. Growth Stage – The growth stage is typically characterized by a strong growth in sales and profits, and because the company can start to benefit from economies of scale in production, the profit margins, as well as the overall amount of profit, will increase. This makes it possible for businesses to invest more money in the promotional activity to maximize the potential of this growth stage. Maturity Stage – During the maturity stage, the product is established and the aim for the manufacturer is now to maintain the market share they have built up. This is probably the most competitive time for most products and businesses need to invest wisely in any marketing they undertake. They also need to consider any product modifications or improvements to the production process which might give them a competitive advantage. Decline Stage – Eventually, the market for a product will start to shrink, and this is what’s known as the decline stage. This shrinkage could be due to the market becoming saturated (i.e. all the customers who will buy the product have already purchased it), or because the consumers are switching to a different type of product. While this decline may be inevitable, it may still be possible for companies to  make some profit by switching to less-expensive production methods and cheaper markets. Product Life Cycle Examples It’s possible to provide examples of various products to illustrate the different stages of the product life cycle more clearly. Here is the example of watching recorded television and the various stages of each method: 1. Introduction – 3D TVs 2. Growth – Blueray discs/DVR 3. Maturity – DVD 4. Decline – Video cassette The idea of the product life cycle has been around for some time, and it is an important principle manufacturers need to understand in order to make a profit and stay in business. However, the key to successful manufacturing is not just understanding this life cycle, but also proactively managing products throughout their lifetime, applying the appropriate resources and sales and marketing strategies, depending on what stage products are at in the cycle.

Freedom Writers Diary Analysis Diary 34 English Literature Essay

Freedom Writers Diary Analysis Diary 34 English Literature Essay The Freedom Writers Diary was one of my favorites books I have read so far. I could really relate to a lot of these stories and I felt like I knew them on a personal level. The diary entry I related the most with was Diary number thirty-four Teenage Alcoholism. I once had to deal with an addiction similar to what the writer did, the writer really opened up my eyes to what is really going on in high school and that I am not the only one who deals with situations like this, I noticed that I was thinking and feeling the same things she felt. This diary entry really made me feel like my life is on the right path, and reminded me of how far I have come to get here. Now granted that alcohol addiction and painkiller addiction are two different things physically, there are uncanny and many similarities emotionally. In The Freedom Writers Diary, diary number thirty-four has a feeling of hopelessness, I have been doing it for so long, its just a daily routine like getting up in the morning, going to the bathroom, and brushing your teeth (Freedom Writers Diary, by: Erin Gruwell, p. 67) I felt like this also sometimes, like this is my life it is never going to change, just deal with it. She also had an image to up hold and the fact that she knew that image was false made her feel bad about herself Im more disappointed in myself for the way Im tricking people into believing that Im something Im not . Since Ive been in Ms. Gruwells class, everyone thinks I am Little Miss Goodie Goodieà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. If they only knew that on the inside I am just barely keeping it together. (p. 67). She and I both felt like we were living a life that was meant for some one else, like there is no way I could have let my life spiral this far out of control, what have I done to myself. I also like her felt like no one would like the real, the sober, me I am living a lie. I am struggling with a deep secret-being a closet drinker.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. I fear that people will not like the sober me. (p. 67). So we continued with our lives as they were, until one day enough was enough I wanted my life back I and was going to take it back no matter what or who stood in my way. I have come so far to get where I am today and I have worked so hard but that only makes me appreciate all I have accomplished that much more. I can only hope that Diary number 34 felt the same way and got her life back too. Addiction is a nasty, horrible, disgusting monster. It will build and build inside you until one day it explodes and comes out to play, but you do not believe in monsters, such things are for childrens fairy tale books, until that is, this monster knock you in the face and on to your butt. And when you get back up on your feet you realize that it was not a monster it was you standing in your own way.

Symbols, Symbolism, and Allusions in The Stranger (The Outsider) :: Camus Stranger Essays

Symbolism and Allusions in The Stranger " That's all for today, Monsieur Antichrist." " Specking very quickly and passionately, he told me that he believed in God, that it was his conviction that no man was so guilty that God would not forgive him, but in order for that to happened a man must repent and in so doing become like a child whose heart is open and ready to embrace all". A. The people in this short quote is Monsieur as the judge is talking to him. The judge don't think Monsieur believe in Jesus because Monsieur is always talking about how he does not care about anything and he rather just be in jail where he belongs. B. The quote that I think the author is trying to carry out through the story is the second quote I wrote down, because the author is saying that you need to repent and ask for forgiveness to God. Monsieur lawyer keeps telling him about Jesus and telling Monsieur that he needs to forget about the wrong things that he did in life and repent to God, but Monsieur being big headed is not going to listen because he think what he did is wrong and he should pay the price for what he did. C. The allusion that Albert Camus is trying to get at, is that people believed in antichrist and Albert is trying to say that if you do something wrong in life you can always repent and ask God for forgiveness. V. Representative Passage on Tone and Author's Philosophy " After a short time silence, he stood up and told me that he wanted to help me, that I interested him, and that, with God's help, he would do something for me." A. I think this passage tell us about the author prospective because he is telling us that if you ask for help and if you want the help it will happened. So what I am trying to say is that I if you are not a Christian and you have a friend that believe in Jesus and if you don't believe in Jesus you have to listen to your friend to understand what is going on so you can accept Jesus.

The Stranger (The Outsider), Nausea, and Death on the Installment Plan :: comparison compare contrast essays

The Stranger (The Outsider), Nausea, and Death on the Installment Plan      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Stranger, by Albert Camus, Nausea, by Jean-Paul Sartre, and Death on the Installment Plan, by Louis-Ferdinand Celine, all contrast themselves with internal texts that fail to represent the world competently. The Stranger includes the prosecutor's narrative of the murders as an incompetent text by refusing to support the motives he assigns. It contrasts itself with the prosecutor's narrative in view of the excessive language of the prosecutor versus the simple reporting of Meursault. The Stranger similarly positions comments by Marie and Raymond as incompetent by contrasting their pity with the text's own view that no event is truly pitiable. Nausea positions a text by Balzac as incompetent because it assigns cause to events by using psychology and past time. The novel includes paintings of a wayward bachelor and bourgeois grandfather as incompetent texts. Nausea also positions the Self-Taught Man's description of adventure as incompetent by arguing t hat adventure is a social construct. Death on the Installment Plan marks an effusive letter to Courtial as incompetent, in contrast with Ferdinand's stance of reporting. It also positions Courtial's pamphlets promoting an outdoor education as incompetent by showing that they misrepresent Courtial's intentions and ability. Death also uses Auguste's letter to Ferdinand as an attempt to bend Ferdinand to the values of the bourgeoisie, which he questions. Each of the three texts increase its own verisimilitude through its implicit comparison with inadequate internal texts.    The Stranger contrasts its narrative of the murder of the Arab with the prosecutor's narrative, in terms of the faulty motives that the prosecutor ascribes to Meursault. The prosecutor provides a cause for each of Meursault's actions. Meursault summarizes the prosecutor's case: "I had asked [Raymond] to give me his gun. I had gone back alone intending to use it. I had shot the Arab as I planned . . . And to make sure I had done the job right, I fired four more shots" (99). However, the text does not assign these causes to the murder. As Meursault approaches the Arab, he realizes that "[as] far as I was concerned, the whole thing was over, and I'd gone there without even thinking about it" (58).

Effect Of Alexander Graham Bell On Todays Society Essay -- Biography

The importance of Alexander Graham Bell on today's society is visible, or rather audible, everywhere. First and most importantly, Alexander Graham Bell was a prolific teacher of the deaf. He considered this to be his true life's work, but only one of the many important things he did. With his great research of speech and sound, he would become one of the greatest inventors of all time. His own definition of an inventor is "a man who looks upon the world and is not contented with things as they are. He wants to improve whatever he sees, he wants to benefit the world." suits him well. Every thing that he did had an impact on someone, and it was true that he wanted to improve the world. Alexander Graham Bell was born Aleck Bell in Edinburgh, Scotland, Melville and Eliza Symonds Bell. His father, Melville Bell, invented Visible Speech, a code of symbols for all spoken sounds that was used in teaching deaf people to speak. His mother, Eliza Bell, was deaf, this lead Melville and Alexander to exploration in the subject of teaching deaf people. Alexander Bell studied at Edinburgh University in 1864 and worked with his father at University College, London, from 1868-70. During this time, he became deeply interested in the study of sound and the mechanics of speech, inspired in part by the audio experiments of German physicist Hermann Von Helmholtz, which gave Bell the idea of telegraphing speech. When young Bell's two brothers died of tuberculosis, Melville Bell took his family to the healthier climate of Canada in 1870. From there, Aleck Bell went to Boston, Massachusetts and in 1871 and joined the staff of the Boston School for the Deaf. In 1872, Bell opened his own school in Boston for training teachers of the deaf. In 1873 he bec... ...ham Bell. New York: Harry S. Abrams, 1997 "Alexander Graham Bell" Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 5 May 2005. Wikipedia. 7 May 2005. "Telephone" Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 1 May 2005. Wikipedia. 7 May 2005. "Alessandro Volta" Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 5 May 2005. Wikipedia. 7 May 2005. "United States Patent and Trademark Office" Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 4 May 2005. Wikipedia. 7 May 2005. Hounshell, David A. "Bell, Alexander Graham." World Book Online Reference Center. 2005. World Book, Inc. 7 May 2005. . Brodsky, Arthur R. "Telephone." World Book Online Reference Center. 2005. World Book, Inc. 7 May 2005. . Christiansen, John B. "Deafness." World Book Online Reference Center. 2005. World Book, Inc. 7 May 2005. . Brodsky, Arthur R. "Telegraph." World Book Online Reference Center. 2005. World Book, Inc. 7 May 2005. .

Lifestyle of Rococo Era

Rococo emerged in the 18th century as a French art and design style, as well as a way of life for many during that time. Rococo works, designs and lifestyles are characterized by elegant and ornate fixtures, furniture, small sculptures, various ornamental mirrors, as well as different tapestries, reliefs, and wall paintings that compliment the architecture they are placed in. Rococo is not only expressed in the arts, but also in the lifestyles of those who lived during that time. The Rococo era encompassed not only visual arts, but also the way people lived along the era. Looking closely at where the term Rococo came from, we could see that it has roots from the French word rocaille, or shell, which is the most common motif during that time, and also the Italian term barococo or the Baroque style itself. Rococo has been associated with the love of shell-like curves, and the focus on decorative arts. This could be considered as the prevailing fashion statement at that time, where most of the designs of dresses prints and more are related to that of the shell. It was fashion like no other, where curves and other shell like decorations are evident in most pieces of art works. The fist manifestation of the Rococo Era was in the decorative arts and the interior designs. This is accompanied by a change in leadership, where when the King Louis XV succeeded the throne, there were also changes done in the court artists, thus affecting the general artistic fashion. The lavish designs of the Baroque designs slowly faded as the previous king neared his reign’s end. Because of this, the designs that emerged from that were more on the lighter elements, as well as emphasis given on the curves and the various natural patterns. When it comes to the daily life of aristocrats during the Rococo period, it is characterized by a grand lifestyle, where it is full of leisure and recreation, a celebration of how they look at life: grand. Aristocrats had their houses ornamented with delicate gilded furniture, as well as wall decorations. What matters in the Rococo lifestyle is how grand and bountiful it looks to others. This can be seen with architecture in Rococo era, where most of its style is limited to the exterior, wherein its facade is ornamented with other facades. This is a manifestation that Rococo lifestyle is mainly for show, or what is seen by others in the outside. The Rococo era is also characterized as a fanciful and often playful in nature, where the people living in that time were free-spirits, easy-going, and leisure-loving people. Their life depended on their extravagant fashion, as it is a very effective way to express them as to who they really are. As an emergence of the Baroque era, the people living in the Rococo times loved ornately designed dresses, with intricate details of shell-like structures which are very colourful as well as expensive to purchase. What matters to these people is how they would look to others, despite all the money they have spent. The Rococo era can be credited as a movement in the arts during the early 18th century in France. This has emerged from the Baroque era, which was very evident during the age or period of Enlightenment. It is right about the time to face new ideas about the existence of man and to introduce this to the people. The Rococo movement is basically the visual representation of the optimism in which the populace felt in response to the awakening of ideas regarding the human existence. Rococo in its real essence can be considered as both the rise and fall of the Baroque art and era. The emergence of the Rococo era can be considered as the artists as well as the society’s reaction to the heavy works that the Baroque style has created. Rococo symbolized changed, a movement from the grand manner of an artwork as well as a lifestyle, towards a lighter more charming manner which began in French architectural works at the end of Louis the XIVs reign. It has quickly spread all over Europe, arousing the interest of the artists in the region. This is a great event in the context of visual arts, as Rococo presented or portrayed a world outside the realms of our understanding. Rococo was considered to be an art which portrayed another world outside our own, a world of artificiality, make believe, as well as game playing and leisure loving. It is a lifestyle dependent of a person’s stature, as t was considered to be a way of the aristocracy. It is the reflection of how these aristocracies lived their own lives, emphasizing on their indulgences, their wants, and even their utter greed. This is aside from the fact that these aristocracies should be the ones who should help those who were in need. These lifestyles are usually unreflective of their ways that’s why they lack morality, self-discipline, reason and more. The Rococo era is a very colourful part of man’s attempt to understand more about the world through arts. As an emergence of the Baroque era, the Rococo aims to address the shortcomings experienced by those who were from the Baroque era. The Rococo can be considered as a revolution, a movement which everyone anticipates to take over as soon as opportunity tells to do so. As a part of the human lifestyle, the Rococo era gives us another perspective on reality. Works Cited: Rococo Art. (2005).  Ã‚   Retrieved December 17, 2007, from http://www.huntfor.com/arthistory/c17th-mid19th/rococo.htm Dress and Decor. (2007). The Baroque and Rococo Style – Introduction.  Ã‚   Retrieved December 17, 2007, from http://www.theatre.ubc.ca/dress_decor/baroque_rococo_intro.htm Gietmann, G. (1912). Rococo Style.  Ã‚   Retrieved December 17, 2007, from http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13106a.htm Harden, M. (2005). Rococo.  Ã‚   Retrieved December 17, 2007, from http://ww.artchive.com/artchive/rococo.html World Wide Arts Resources. (2006). Art History: Rococo: (1700 – 1760).  Ã‚   Retrieved Decemeber 17, 2007, from http://wwar.com/masters/movements/rococo.html   

A Modern Malolos Republic

Pia A. Kasaysayan 1: Philippine History Reflection Paper A Modern â€Å"Malolos Republic†: A Reflection on M. Guerrero's â€Å"The Underside of the Malolos Republic† It’s generally acknowledged among Filipinos and some people around the globe that the Philippines is among one of the most corrupt countries in the world. In 2012, the Philippines ranked 105 with a 3. 4 Corruption Percentage Index in Transparency International’s compilation of data from 176 countries.The CPI score ranks countries from 0-10, with 0 indicating that a country is perceived to be highly corrupt, and 10 means that a country is perceived to be very clean (Transparency International, 2012). Corruption proves to be that longstanding problem that Filipinos and Filipino politicians always face. Of the many means of political corruption in the Philippines today, believed to be among the most rampant are graft, bribery, embezzlement, electoral fraud, backdoor deals, cronyism, and nepotism (Conde, 2007).Just by taking a look at the politicians currently holding office can the last type be evident. One family sometimes holds a seat in office for generations, ranging from barangay captain to the presidency. The political arena in the Philippines is largely comprised of and governed by ruling political dynasties, instead of political parties (Eder ; Vallarta, 2007). Corruption truly remains rampant in the Philippine society. What astounds me is the fact that it has been so rampant for so very long.According to Milagros Guerrero’s â€Å"The Underside of the Malolos Republic,† political corruption has been with the Filipinos since the very establishment of a republic in our country. Emilio Aguinaldo’s term as presidency seemed at-par with that of modern-day Filipino presidents like Joseph â€Å"Erap† Estrada or Gloria Macapagal â€Å"GMA† Arroyo in terms of its cleanliness and transparency. Where Aguinaldo’s term exhibited cronyism , or appointing longstanding friends into positions of authority regardless of their qualifications, so did Erap’s and GMA’s.Erap’s infamous Midnight Cabinet consisted of shady characters with which he would spend the night drinking liquor with. These men were often powerful players in society, both from the public and private sectors. This group of men, from politicians to businessmen, often won favor and other perks from the Estrada administration. Another example of cronyism is GMA’s alleged â€Å"midnight appointment† of former Chief Justice Renato Corona just before she was to step down from office. This mirrors Aguinaldo’s own treatment of his former generals and comrades at arms in the revolution.These men were soon elevated into positions of high rank, taking advantage of the sudden absence of the Spaniards to prey on unsuspecting fellow Filipinos. It was also from cronyism that came graft and embezzlement, manifestations of a politi cian’s greed for more power and personal belongings. Graft is the unscrupulous use of a politician’s authority for personal gain. Embezzlement, in the context of political corruption in the Philippines, is basically taking money for personal use in violation of a trust, such as the tax law.Among Aguinaldo’s cronies and supporters, there were quite a few who used their name and political power to exhort Filipinos into giving up land and money. As governor of Cagayan, Daniel Tirona swindled the town of hundreds of thousands of pesos. This is no different from modern day governors who seek out the favor of the current president in office, in order to gain more power. Embezzlement, when committed by high government officials, becomes an even graver crime against the state. Pres.Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo and some officials of her government were often suspected of embezzlement. There were a number of notable political scandals during her tenure as president, two of whi ch were the notorious Fertilizer Fund Scam and the NBN-ZTE Deal. Even until today are Erap and his indulgent lifestyle become the stuff of urban legend and stigmatization. While Aguinaldo himself is mostly spared from such a demeaning legacy, as he is often lauded as the hero-president of the Philippine Revolution, his colleagues and supporters simply cannot be awarded the same protection.Jose Ignacio Paua, Aguinaldo’s brother-in-law and general, was not well received in Albay and other Bicol areas where he milked his constituents out of home and land. Mentioned above, the infamous Daniel Tirona was hardly also the symbol for political and financial cleanliness. While it is our politicians’ ongoing promise to eradicate corruption, it’s obvious that with its roots so deep into our history, it will be no easy task. In order to truly have a clean, just government it’s up to the people to vote for whom they think deserves it and for those politicians to serve the people fairly and selflessly.As simple as it is, this conduct is often forgotten due to mostly selfish reasons. While corruption in the time of Aguinaldo and that of past presidents’ leave indelible stains in the history of the Philippines, our only solace is in the hope that future generations will not have to experience the same things. Works Cited Conde, C. H. (2007, March 13). Philippines most corrupt, survey says – The New York Times. Retrieved March 3, 2013, from The New York Times: http://www. nytimes. com/2007/03/13/business/worldbusiness/13iht-peso. 891792. html? _r=1; Eder, E. , ; Vallarta, A. (2007, April 20). GMA News Research: Political families reign in almost all of RP | News | GMA Online. Retrieved March 3, 2013, from GMA News Online: http://www. gmanetwork. com/news/story/39187/news/specialreports/gma-news-research-political-families-reign-in-almost-all-of-rp Transparency International. (2012). Research – CPI – Overview. Retrieved Ma rch 3, 2013, from Transparency International: http://www. transparency. org/research/cpi/overview

A note on social criticism of novel Joseph Andrews Essay

Q Write a note on social criticism as presented in book I and book II of this novel. This novel is basically a satire on mode of living of the social classes of 18th century. The most promising and solid features (as a means of social criticism) that one might extract from the novel, in the light of book I and book II are highlighted as below: Artificiality of love Here the example of lady booby explains the point clearly. She loved Joseph as claimed by herself, but she wanted to keep their relation hidden from people, thus depicting the point of artificiality. She intended to seduce him just for the sake to gratify her sexual appetite. She, by no means portrayed any signs of true love. This factor, fielding critised by employing the character of lady booby as discussed above. Moral degradation Another social evil of that time, certainly was that the people look down upon morality with an eye of contempt. They degrade it in all possible ways. Here the example of Joseph can be taken into consideration. His inner goodness was ridiculed in the very society. Lady Booby once mocked him of his being maintain an ally of morality, when she herself as of superior stature had discarded her own conscience for him. Sympathy within the same class Sympathy is a factor that prevails only within the same class. As the example of postillion who provided Joseph with his coat when he had nothing to cover himself and was in a very miserable condition, states very well the fact. Indeed, both belonged to the lower class. Lack of charity Charity, a quality not so common in common man. When parson Adams consulted Parson Trulliber as his Christian brethren, with the aim of expecting some charity to pay off his bills of the inn they stayed at, got nothing but rejected in the face is just a demonstration of the fact of lack of charity. Duality in nature Parson Barnabas presents himself as a character with duality in nature. A glutton and drunkard, yet a parson by profession, indeed a presenter of dual  sides. Such characters as this do exist in our society and are tainting the fabric of world with their paint. Lack of knowledge The world also has people who claim the professions they have no thorough knowledge of. They are professionally incompetent, yet roam around in the society like foolish quacks with pride. The surgeon and parson Barnabas are such examples. Lust of ladies Lady Booby and Mrs.Slipslop had amorous disposition. And to gratify their sexual apetite they look upon Joseph with an eye of lust. Consequently, because of their intentions they lay Joseph open in the jaws of chastity. Such people as these should be placed infront of mirror, to render them with the realization that what creature have they become. Height of jealousy Jealousy, a trait found very well-groomed in society. Fielding has portrayed this social-ill as one of the core aspect in his novel. Mrs.Slipslop out of extreme jealousy blamed Joseph of being an ill-character and of amorous inclinations. Indeed, a very dangerous trait. Hypocrisy can also be attributed to the consequence of height of jealousy. The higher class in the novel is portrayed as highly submerged in hypocrisy. False promises A trend common in that society was to make promises and then break them. While Joseph, Fanny and Adams are on their way, they encountered one such fellow and fell for his promises. A trend that ought be condemned with solemn attitude. Corruption People like the surgeon and Parson Barnabas are perfect examples of tainting the society with corruption and morally ill-standard behaviour. Such follies and vices of society depict very well a social criticism, in the light of book I and book II.

Media Culture: the Triumph of the Spectacle

Media Culture: the Triumph of the Spectacle â€Å"Media culture is a contested terrain across which key social groups and competing political ideologies struggle for dominance and . . . individuals live these struggles through the images, discourses, myths, and spectacle of media culture† -Douglas Kellner, Media Culture Table of Contents Introduction——————————————————————————————-3 History of Media————————————————————————————-4 Media Spectacle————————————————————————————–5 Douglas Kellner’s Contribution & Guy Debord’s Influential Analysis of Spectacle——-7 The Spectacle Form of Media Culture————————————— ———————8 The Spectacle in the World of Business———————————————————-9 The World of Celebrities————————————————————————–10 The Madonna Phenomenon———————————————————————–10 The World of Politics——————————————————————————11 Conclusion———————â₠¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€13 Bibliography—————————————————————————————-14 Introduction At the end of the twentieth century, society became more and more aware of the changes in communication technology. People began to see changes in ommunication between individuals, changes in how individuals and society communicated, and changes in communication between societies and cultures. This led to an understanding of human development. The ability to communicate with the help of symbols is one of the fundamental features that differentiate us from the rest of the animal world. Without these practical communication skills and the intellectu al capacity needed to use these skills to transmit, preserve, and propagate thoughts, emotions, and values, it would not have been possible to create such unique religious, ideological, and philosophical systems. Furthermore, without communication, we would not have art. Art has had a strong relationship with the media throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. New inventions and technology created a very favorable atmosphere for the development of new methods and means of communication. These new communication methods both benefited and furthered events within society. At the end of the 20th century, advanced methods and technologies in the field of communication fully changed the face of the world. Due to this change, some say it is very hard to find the line between reality and the reality that has been created and filtered by media. Some contemporary communication theoreticians have said that we find ourselves in the era of the simulation of the world. History of Media Mass media, a term that arose in the United States in the early 20th century with the advent of far-reaching advertising campaigns and news networks, includes all those mediums through which information is distributed to the masses. This includes advertisements, newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and the internet. According to some scientists, people started to speak of the media as far back as ancient Greece and Rome. These discussions of media focused mostly on the rhetoric surrounding the practice of persuasion. The Greek philosopher Aristotle said that rhetoric is â€Å"the faculty of discovering in any particular case all the methods of persuasion. † This kind of communication puts a heavy emphasis on meaning, and how the meaning is constructed and conveyed. Current mass media works in a similar way. One of the most important goals f today’s media is to construct a message that will convince the receiver to agree to do or believe something. The earliest surv iving copy of a paper book, a Kumarajiva translation of the Hindu text The Diamond Sutra, is dated 868 CE (AD). Due to the slow spread of literacy among the common people, and the relatively high cost of paper and production of written media, written materials did not exist as widespread media until Johannes Gutenberg’s 1450 CE invention of the printing press with movable type. Thanks to Gutenberg’s invention, printed materials suddenly became much less expensive, and the spread of information in the form of written material became much easier. However, much of the population still remained illiterate and the cost of publishing printed materials remained high enough to limit media from reaching a wide range of the population. Newspapers were first developed in 1605. The first English-language newspaper was published in Amsterdam in 1620. Soon after that, newspapers published in England, and, eventually, in America, began to reach mass audiences directly. Around this same time, America was being colonized, and printed and written materials played an important role. Revolutionary material such as Thomas Paine’s Common Sense was published and distributed to the colonists, allowing the spread of ideas that eventually resulted in the creation of the United States. The Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the Mayflower Compact1 were all examples of early colonial and American documents that figured prominently in the development of America as a nation. In the 1940s, new technologies and advancements in the field of media began to emerge. Radio began to play a major role in mass communication, as America went to war. Radio could provide information much faster than newspapers. These new advents in technology allowed media to gain significance, new meaning, and wider function. Radio, film, advertising, and the press grew as industries and became the center of the culture of communication within the U. S. nd within other capitalist democracies. The culture of media became a dominant force within all aspects of life, including politics and social life. 2 It was the beginning of a new era. The media industry began to concentrate on the invention of new technologies. They both wanted to provide people with a wide range of different good s from which they could choose but also wanted to continue to develop ways in which to reach and influence people. The media could now easily affect the minds of the public, forcing the people to accept a particular set of beliefs, which occasionally diverted from actual reality. Societies started to be manipulated and people were indoctrinated. The main goal of media was and still is to be persuasive enough to attract the attention of a potential receiver, and one of the most convenient ways to accomplish this goal is through the multimedia spectacle. Media Spectacle ‘Media spectacle' is a term created by Douglas Kellner to describe the creation by modern media of a display of contemporary dreams, nightmares, fantasies and values. The phenomenon of media spectacle has evolved over centuries, starting in ancient Greece and moving forward through hundreds of years of wars and other major public events. Today, media spectacle continually strives to achieve sensation and attract attention. In the contemporary world, media spectacle exists in nearly all spheres of our lives. The role of the media is not only to inform, educate, teach, and persuade but also to entertain. The role of media today might suggest that the â€Å"fun factor† has become the leading motivation for our involvement in media and information. The main goal in media is now to attract the visual attention of potential consumers. Therefore, images have become more important than text. It is also very important for the creators and producers of media to keep up with ongoing changes in public interest and attitudes, so media companies face a continual need to be flexible and creative in order to reach consumers. This applies not only to advertisment but also to political and entertainment media in general. Media not only needs to be visual and relevant, but also attractive. Advertisers, public relations departments, and political campaigners need to create messages that are structured in an attractive way, so that it reaches viewers and corresponds to their high expectations of mass media. If this is not done, the consumer will likely not respond to the media. It frequently occurs that a person is faced with a constant influx of media. The information that he or she is presented with may come from a variety of sources, and is likely both true and false information. Over time, it may become difficult for the consumer to distinguish between what is right and what is wrong; to distinguish between reality and fiction. Modern life is shaped by media. It is a power that affects both conscious and subconscious decisions and shapes ideas. We are surrounded by media. Boorstin writes that â€Å"each society and its culture are impelled by fascination with the image and the stimulation and due to it lost its grounding in substance or reality†. 3 Douglas Kellner’s Contribution & Guy Debord’s Influential Analysis of Spectacle Widely recognized social scientist Douglas Kellner and sociologist Guy Debord focused heavily on the topic of the Media Spectacle and its impact on perceived reality. Kellner is the author of the article â€Å"Media Culture and the Triumph of the Spectacle. † The scope of his activity and achievement includes membership in the American Sociological Association. He was also a member of the editorial service board of many journals including Theory, Culture, and Society. It is this journal that for more than twenty years has published some of the most innovative works in social science. It has been in the forefront of the renewal of cultural sociology. It provides a forum for articles that theorize the relationship between culture and society. In his article Kellner refers to ideas put forward by Guy Deboard. He is known for his impact through the group known as Situationist International. This was a libertarian group that came to prominence during the May Events in France in 1968. This band of avant-garde artists and intellectuals was influenced by Dada, Surrealism and Letterism and concerned themselves with the infusion of poetry and music, and with the transformation of the urban landscape. At first, the group was principally concerned with the suppression of art, that is to say they wished, like the Dadaist and the Surrealists before them, to supercede the boundary between art and culture as separate activities and to transform them into part of everyday life. In their analysis, the Situationists argue that capitalism limited life as a spectacle. The spectacle is the main concept of their theory (in many ways they reworked Marx's view of alienation). They say that the worker is alienated from his product and from his fellow worker and finds himself living in an alien world; moreover, they argue that capitalism, in order to ensure its economic growth, has created â€Å"pseudo-needs† to increase the consumption. According to this theory, modern society, or consumer society, is now a society of spectacular commodity consumption. People within this spectacle are treated like objects, rather than like active subjects. In this theory, people are like marionettes whose strings are pulled by invisible power. The Situationists’ idea was, in spite of all kinds of separation, to make a world in which individuals could directly produce their own life; in other words, to engage people in an active, creative life. The solution, for them, was not to wait for a distant revolution but to take a different approach, a â€Å"step by step† process of the reinvention of everyday life, here and now. To transform peoples’ participation in the world was for them the same thing as changing the structure of society. In the place of the society of the spectacle the Situationists proposed a society without money, commodity production, private property, wage labour, class division, based generally on communist ideas. The most important tenet of the proposal was that the so-called pseudo-needs would be replaced by real desires. This utopial ideal seemed to some to be slightly out of touch with reality but aimed to move the focus of the world away from lies and distortion. The Situationists placed a large amount of focus on the concept that individuals should actively and consciously participate in the reconstruction of every moment of life. They called themselves Situationists because they believed that all individuals should construct the situations of their lives, release their own potential, and obtain their own pleasure. The Spectacle-Form of Media Culture As I wrote earlier, spectacle culture has expanded in every area of life â€Å"and is becoming one of the organizing principles of the economy, polity, society†4. Guy Debord argues that â€Å"spectacle is†¦ social relation among people, mediated by images. The spectacle †¦ is a world vision, which has become objectified. . . in all its specific forms, as information or propaganda, as advertisement or direct entertainment consumption, the spectacle is the present model of socially dominant life†¦. â€Å"5. The spectacle phenomenon in this case refers to both high culture and to low cultural shows. The development of new media technologies made it easier for media to exercise influence over contemporary societies and cultures. In these societies media presented with images has the edge over plain texts. The visual spectacle, which combines all aspects of culture that communicate through visual means, made itself the ruler of the â€Å"outside world†. Factories and offices where people work are visually soaked environments. Films, television, video games, and the internet are also part of the influx of visual media that affects our thinking and behaviors. Moreover, we comunicate with the help of visualization. When we are trying to cross over cultural boundaries, our knowledge is often communicated visually, for example, we may use visual cues such as map boundaries and business graphs and data. The Spectacle in the World of Business The propagation of the spectacle is a major aspect of business, and plays a decisive role in whether any given corporation will succeed or not. Businesses, in order to survive, need to be present and visible for the potential customer. Entertainment and advertisement are the powers that support the business world through various of methods, one of which is creating a ‘pseudo event’. The idea of a ‘pseudo event’ was put forward by Daniel Boorstin, an American historian, who claimed that America and other countries find themselves in an age of illusion. The ‘pseudo event’ occurs where â€Å"an event is planned and staged entirely for the media, which accrues significance through the scale of its media coverage rather than through any more disinterested assessment of its importance†. 6 So to speak â€Å"pseudo event† exist for sole purpose of supporting media publicity and serves little to no other function in real life and is considered â€Å"real† only after viewing through news, advertisements, television, or other types of media. An extremely simple example is sitting for a family portrait. The event serves no other purpose than to be viewed through a photograph. Other examples include media spectacles, and many types of news. The World of Celebrities Media contributes to the creation of celebrities. â€Å"The celebrity†¦ is the human pseudo event, fabricated for the media and evaluated in terms of the scale and effectiveness of its media yisibility†. 7 A famous person provides dominant role models and icons of fashion, style, personality, and, at the same time, leads to the enrichment of the media industry. Media entrepreneurs want celebrities involved with their projects because they believe this will help them attract audiences. Film producers use stars as mean of attracting investment to their projects. Marketers use public celebrity statements as a means of profiling and branding their products. Sports promoters use celebrity athletes to attract media attention and increase the number of people who would come to that sport event. Celebrities also make money for the individual concerned. Their success depends on various handlers and image managers that help them to develop their public persona. Celebrities invade all kinds of sites today, ranging from contests in shopping malls to the management of major political campaigns. The importance of publicity, promotion and the exploitation of the media event are omnipresent. The Madonna Phenomenon Madonna became a master in her use of image with the help of mass media. Daniel Borstin is responsible for one of the most widely quoted aphorisms about celebrity: â€Å"the celebrity is a person who is well-known for his well-knownness. . . the celebrity develops its capacity for fame, not by achieving great things, but by differentiating its own personality from those of its competitors in the public arena. â€Å"8   Madonna has achieved just that. She has total control over her shows. She writes the songs, produces the music, and designs the stage sets. She controls all aspects of her show; not just her spectacle, but also all the things she does, including her films and public appearances. Madonna's entire life turns around the presentation of her image. Madonna is one of the greatest PR machines in history and she has hired top agents, publicists, and creative personnel to market her and produce her images. From the beginning her every move was surrounded by publicity and year after year Madonna references in media culture have proliferated. â₠¬Å"9   The circulation of an image plays a very important role as well. Madonna constantly changes her public image. Whoever she is at the moment; a good girl gone bad or a virgin in white, a glamour queen or a cosmic spirit or, finally, a doting mother, her ability to change images every couple of years has fascinated the world, and has been vital in her success. There is also other side of the coin, the pessimistic one, that assumes that Madonna is a victim of her own image, or that she finds herself in an artificially constructed reality. That problem is not only a problem for her, but also for our culture as a whole. Image is dominating more and more of our lives. The World of Politics â€Å"The brutal reality of the modern age is that all famous people are treated like celebrities by mass media, whether they be a great political figure, a worthy campaigner, an artist touched by genius, a serial killer. The newspapers and television programs responsible for their publicity do not draw any meaningful distinction between how they are publicised. â€Å"10 The most significant thing is to make a spectacle of oneself in order to be recognizable. If you want to gain the state of being popular you have to make yourself highly desirable, and the most important thing is to be visible through the media. No special achievements are needed to be popular; only the attraction of public attention is required. In the world of politics, if one wants to be good politician, one has to be spectacular. The management of the media' reporting of politics has become increasingly important to contemporary political campaigns. Public relations consultants, media advisers, and press officers have become standard components of the contemporary world of politics. Media spectacle is also an inseparable part of politics. It can often be seen that most well-known people engage in politics. This can be interpreted as political manipulation. It is possible that it is useful because spectators find it easier to identify with a celebrity that they know from TV than with a person that they are seeing for the first time. Conclusion In the contemporary world, mass media, and as a part of mass media, media spectacle, play very important roles. So many people live their lives or parts of their lives vicariously through the image world of the media- through TV, through soap operas, through any media outlet. Everything is just a matter of subjective perspective; everything is relative, depending on where you stand. Everything turns around the world we choose or create for ourselves. There is no reality, there are only images, different images. We can only see the world from where we stand, from that context, that language, that constructed reality. In other words, the things that you say and do are all coming from the outside-from the world of media. The real you is lost. Life becomes virtual, and we are living in the image. Bibliography: 1. Reader â€Å"Literary and Cultural Representation of American Society: Visual Media†, Prof. Dr. R. Isensee, â€Å"Super Media, A Cultural Studies Approach†, Michael R. Real, pp. 26 2. â€Å"Media Culture, Cultural studies, identity and politics between the modern and the postmodern. †, Douglas Kellner, pp. 16. 3. â€Å"Understanding celebrity†, Graeme Turner, Introduction, pp. 5. 4. Reader â€Å"Literary and Cultural Representation of American Society: Visual Media†, Prof. Dr. R. Isensee, â€Å"Media Culture and the Triumph of the Spectacle†, Douglas Kellner, pp. 1. 5. Debord Guy, â€Å"Separation Perfected†, in Evans and Hall(eds. ), â€Å"Visual Culture†,the Reader. Sage Publication, pp. 95-96 6. â€Å"Understanding celebrity†, Graeme Turner, Introduction, pp. 5. 7. â€Å"Understanding celebrity†, Graeme Turner, Introduction, pp. 5. 8. â€Å"Understanding celebrity†, Graeme Turner, Introduction, pp. 5. 9. â€Å"Media Culture, Cultural studies, identity and politics between the modern and the postmodern. †, Douglas Kellner, pp. 268 10. â€Å"Understanding celebrity†, Graeme Turner, Introduction, pp. 7. 11. â€Å"Visual Persuation- The Role of Images in Advertising†, Paul Messaris 12 â€Å"Mass Media and Society†(second edition), editied by James Curran and Michael Gurevitch.